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Remimazolam is a newly developed ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine that exerts sedative effects. This study aimed to clarify the effects of remimazolam on cardiac contractility. In a randomised-parallel group trial, haemodynamic parameters were compared between propofol (n = 11) and remimazolam (n = 12) groups during the induction of general anaesthesia in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. In a preclinical study, the direct effects of remimazolam on cardiac contractility were also evaluated using isolated rat hearts. RNA sequence data obtained from rat and human hearts were analysed to assess the expression patterns of the cardiac γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA ) receptor subunits. In a clinical study, the proportional change of the maximum rate of arterial pressure rise was milder during the study period in the remimazolam group (propofol: -52.6 [10.2] (mean [standard deviation])% vs. remimazolam: -39.7% [10.5%], p = 0.007). In a preclinical study, remimazolam did not exert a negative effect on left ventricle developed pressure, whereas propofol did exert a negative effect after bolus administration of a high dose (propofol: -26.9% [3.5%] vs. remimazolam: -1.1 [6.9%], p < 0.001). Analysis of the RNA sequence revealed a lack of γ subunits, which are part of the major benzodiazepine binding site of the GABAA receptor, in rat and human hearts. These results indicate that remimazolam does not have a direct negative effect on cardiac contractility, which might contribute to its milder effect on cardiac contractility during the induction of general anaesthesia. The expression patterns of cardiac GABAA receptor subunits might be associated with the unique pharmacokinetics of benzodiazepines in the heart.

DOI： 10.1111/1440-1681.13840

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INTRODUCTION: Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury can cause additional damage to an ischemic myocardium, even after successful reperfusion therapy. Inflammation is a mechanism that exacerbates myocardial damage after I/R injury. Rikkunshito (RKT) is a traditional Japanese herbal medicine widely used to treat gastrointestinal symptoms. It attenuates inflammation and fibrosis in some diseases of the heart; however, it remains unclear whether RKT exerts cardioprotective effects against myocardial I/R injury. To elucidate this, we evaluated the effects of RKT pre-treatment by oral administration on the myocardium in a mouse model of in vivo I/R injury. METHODS: Mice were randomly assigned to a group receiving distilled water (DW) or one receiving RKT (1000 mg/kg/day) for 14 days orally. For each of the RKT and DW groups, a sham group, an I/R 2 h group, and an I/R 24 h group were created. On day 15, myocardial I/R surgery was performed. The left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was ligated for 30 min, and reperfusion time was set at 2 h or 24 h. The myocardial infarct size (IS) was measured after 2 h of reperfusion, and cardiac cytokine mRNA expression levels were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) after 2 h and 24 h of reperfusion. RESULTS: RKT pre-treatment significantly suppressed the cardiac mRNA expression level of interleukin-1β in the RKT-I/R 2 h group compared to the DW-I/R 2 h group (P < 0.05). Additionally, RKT significantly suppressed the mRNA expression levels of transforming growth factor-β compared to DW; the same result was obtained for the expression levels of interleukin-6. However, RKT did not reduce the IS or mRNA expression levels of the cardiac congestive markers natriuretic peptide a (NPPA) and natriuretic peptide b (NPPB). In addition, RKT did not alter the plasma concentration of ghrelin and sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), which have been reported to be stimulated by RKT. CONCLUSION: This study showed that pre-treatment of RKT for myocardial I/R injury partially suppressed inflammation-related cytokines. However, further studies are needed on the effect of RKT on the reduction of myocardial infarction size.

DOI： 10.7759/cureus.54485

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BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) using venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is performed for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest; however, it is associated with a risk of several complications. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the fluoroscopy equipment was removed from the emergency department (ED) and whether it would be beneficial to transport the patient to the fluoroscopy room to reduce vascular complications without affecting the induction time. METHODS: This single-center, retrospective, before-and-after analysis was conducted at a tertiary emergency medical center and included 59 patients who underwent ECPR for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest between May 2017 and March 2022. The patients were divided into two groups: those who underwent cannulation in the ED without fluoroscopy (ED-ECPR group) and those who were transferred directly from the ED to the cardiac angiography room (ECPR call group). RESULTS: The rate of vascular complications associated with ECPR was significantly lower in the ECPR group than in the ED-ECPR group (40.6 % [14/32] vs. 10 % [2/20], respectively; p = 0.014). The duration from ED arrival to venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation initiation was similar in the two groups (median: 23.0 min in the ED-ECPR group vs. 25.5 min in the ECPR call group, p = 0.71). Results adjusted for confounding factors showed that performing ECPR under fluoroscopy was a consistent and independent element of vascular complication rates (adjusted odds ratio: 9.92, 95 % confidence interval: 2.04 to 81.2, p = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: Fluoroscopy-guided ECPR can significantly reduce the incidence of vascular complications even if the ED and fluoroscopy room are far apart. However, no significant difference was observed in the time required to establish ECPR in the cardiac catheterization laboratories.

DOI： 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24565

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PURPOSE: The effect of head rotation on supraglottic airway (SGA) oropharyngeal leak pressure (OPLP) has not been well elucidated. The aim of this study was to help clarify which SGA device provides higher OPLP at head-rotated position. METHODS: Patients who underwent elective surgery under general anesthesia were enrolled and randomly divided into laryngeal mask airway (LMA®) ProSeal™ and i-gel® groups. The allocated SGA device was inserted under anesthesia. The primary outcome was OPLP, and secondary outcomes were ventilation score, expiratory tidal volume, and maximum pressure under volume-controlled ventilation (VCV) with an inspiratory tidal volume of 10 mL·kg-1 ideal body weight and fibreoptic view of the vocal cords at 0°, 30°, and 60° head rotation. RESULTS: Data from 78 and 76 patients were analyzed in the LMA ProSeal and i-gel groups, respectively. The mean (standard deviation) OPLP of the LMA ProSeal was significantly higher than that of the i-gel at the 60° head-rotated position (LMA ProSeal, 20.4 [6.5] vs i-gel, 16.9 [7.8] cm H2O; difference in means, 3.6; adjusted 95% confidence interval, 0.5 to 6.6; adjusted P = 0.02, adjusted for six comparisons). The maximum pressure under VCV at 60° head rotation was significantly higher in the LMA ProSeal group than in the i-gel group. The expiratory tidal volume of the LMA ProSeal did not significantly change with head rotation and was significantly higher than that of the i-gel at 60° head rotation. Ventilation score, fibreoptic view of the vocal cords, and complications were not significantly different between the ProSeal and i-gel groups. CONCLUSIONS: The LMA ProSeal provides higher OPLP than the i-gel at a 60° head-rotated position under general anesthesia. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Japan Registry of Clinical Trials (https://jrct.niph.go.jp) (JRCT1012210043); registered 18 October 2021.

DOI： 10.1007/s12630-023-02648-3

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本臨床麻酔学会  

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC  

Abstract

The supraglottic airway (SGA) is widely used. I-gel Plus is a next-generation i-gel with some improvements, including facilitation of fiberoptic tracheal intubation (FOI). To compare the performance of i-gel Plus and standard i-gel as conduits for FOI, a Thiel-embalmed cadaveric study was conducted. Twenty-two anesthesiologists were enrolled as operators in Experiment 1. The i-gel Plus and standard i-gel were inserted into one cadaver, and the FOI was performed through each SGA. The primary outcome was time required for FOI. The secondary outcomes were the number of attempts and visual analog scale (VAS) score for difficulty in FOI. Moreover, fiberoptic views of the vocal cords in each SGA were assessed by an attending anesthesiologist using nine cadavers in Experiment 2. The percentage of glottic opening (POGO) score without fiberscope tip upward flexion and upward angle of the fiberscope tip to obtain a 100% POGO score were evaluated as secondary outcomes. The time for FOI through i-gel Plus was significantly shorter than that through standard i-gel (median (IQR), i-gel Plus: 30.3 (25.4–39.0) s, vs standard i-gel: 54.7 (29.6–135.0) s; median of differences, 24.4 s; adjusted 95% confidence interval, 3.0–105.7; adjusted P = 0.040). Although the number of attempts for successful FOI was not significantly different, the VAS score for difficulty in the i-gel Plus group was significantly lower (easier) than that in the standard i-gel group. Moreover, i-gel Plus required a significantly smaller upward angle of the fiberscope tip to obtain a 100% POGO score. FOI can be performed more easily using i-gel Plus than using standard i-gel because of the improved fiberoptic visibility of vocal cords.

Other Link： https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-45631-0

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-023-45631-0

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Dexmedetomidine (DEX), a highly selective alpha2-adrenoceptors agonist, is not only a sedative drug used during mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit but also a cardio-protective drug against ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Numerous preclinical in vivo and ex vivo studies, mostly evaluating the effect of DEX pretreatment in healthy rodents, have shown the efficacy of DEX in protecting the hearts from IRI. However, whether DEX can maintain its cardio-protective effect in hearts with comorbidities such as diabetes has not been fully elucidated. Multiple clinical trials have reported promising results, showing that pretreatment with DEX can attenuate cardiac damage in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. However, evidence of the post-treatment effects of DEX in clinical practice remains limited. In this narrative review, we summarize the previously reported evidence of DEX-induced cardio-protection against IRI and clarify the condition of the hearts and the timing of DEX administration that has not been tested. With further investigations evaluating these knowledge gaps, the use of DEX as a cardio-protective drug could be further facilitated in the management of patients undergoing cardiac surgery and might be considered in a broader area of clinical settings beyond cardiac surgery, including patients with acute myocardial infarction.

DOI： 10.1007/s00540-023-03261-w

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Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury induces endothelial glycocalyx (GCX) degradation. Several candidate GCX-protective factors including albumin have been identified, few have been demonstrated in in vivo studies and most albumins used to date have been heterologous. Albumin is a carrier protein for sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), which has protective effects on the cardiovascular system. However, changes inhibited by albumin in the endothelial GCX structure in I/R in vivo via the S1P receptor has not been reported. In this study, we aimed to determine whether albumin prevents the shedding of endothelial GCX in response to I/R in vivo. Rats were divided into four groups: control (CON), I/R, I/R with albumin preload (I/R + ALB), and I/R + ALB with S1P receptor agonist fingolimod (I/R + ALB + FIN). FIN acts as an initial agonist of S1P receptor 1 and downregulates the receptor in an inhibitory manner. The CON and I/R groups received saline and I/R + ALB and I/R + ALB + FIN groups received albumin solution before left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. Our study used rat albumin. Shedding of endothelial GCX was evaluated in the myocardium by electron microscopy, and the concentration of serum syndecan-1 was measured. Thus, albumin administration maintained the structure of endothelial GCX and prevented shedding of endothelial GCX via the S1P receptor in myocardial I/R, and FIN annihilated the protective effect of albumin against I/R injury.

DOI： 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.04.110

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BACKGROUND: Hajdu-Cheney syndrome (HCS) is an extremely rare disorder characterized by progressive acro-osteolysis. A unique facial structure and deformity of the cervical spine are associated with a difficult airway. Although several reports describe general anesthesia with orotracheal intubation for patients with HCS, there have been no reports of nasotracheal intubation with a risk of skull base fracture. We describe nasotracheal intubation for oral surgery in a patient with HCS. CASE PRESENTATION: A 13-year-old girl with HCS was scheduled for dental surgery. Preoperative computed tomography revealed no abnormalities including fractures in the skull base or cervical spine. After confirming a lack of vocal cord paralysis by bronchofiberscopic inspection from the nose, general anesthesia was induced with sevoflurane, remifentanil, and rocuronium. Fiber-optic nasotracheal intubation was successfully performed without complications such as depletion of oxygen saturation and massive epistaxis, and the surgery was completed uneventfully. She was discharged the day after surgery with no anesthesia-related complications. CONCLUSIONS: We were able to safely manage the airway of a patient with HCS by nasotracheal intubation under general anesthesia.

DOI： 10.1186/s40981-023-00627-7

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Background The aim of this retrospective observational study was to explore the early predictive parameters for maximum amplitudein the kaolin with heparinase (HKH) assay (MAHKH) of TEG6s Platelet Mapping in cardiovascular surgery including cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) period. The relationship between each parameter of the assay and laboratory data was also assessed. Methods We included the patients who underwent TEG6s Platelet Mapping during cardiovascular surgery under CPB between November 2021 and May 2022. The correlation between MAHKH and the early parameters was assessed. The association between each parameter of Platelet Mapping and a combination of fibrinogen concentration > 150 mg/dL and platelet count > 100,000µL was also evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results In 23 patients who underwent TEG6s Platelet Mapping during the study period, 62 HKH assay data including 59 pairs of data (HKH assay and laboratory data) were analyzed. K and angle, but not R, were significantly correlated with MAHKH (r [95% CI]: -0.90 [-0.94, -0.83], p < 0.0001 for K, and 0.87 [0.79, 0.92], p < 0.0001 for angle). Furthermore, ROC curves suggested that these parameters predicted a combination of fibrinogen concentration > 150 mg/dL and platelet count > 100,000/µL with high accuracy. Similar results were confirmed in the heparinized blood samples obtained during CPB. Conclusion These findings suggest that not only MAKHK but also K and angle, which are early parameters in the HKH assay, provide clinically significant information that will facilitate rapid decision-making regarding coagulation strategies during cardiovascular surgery including the CPB period.

DOI： 10.7759/cureus.38044

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：克誠堂出版(株)  

Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/default/link?pub_year=2023&ichushi_jid=J01397&link_issn=&doc_id=20230412070002&doc_link_id=%2Fad3msuie%2F2023%2F007204%2F003%2F0330b0336%26dl%3D3&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalonline.jp%2Fjamas.php%3FGoodsID%3D%2Fad3msuie%2F2023%2F007204%2F003%2F0330b0336%26dl%3D3&type=MedicalOnline&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00004_4.gif

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：克誠堂出版(株)  

Ichushi

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BACKGROUND Chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantations. Due to fibrotic changes, patients with GVHD are at risk for difficult airway management. We encountered a case of chronic GVHD that went into a "cannot intubate, cannot ventilate" (CICV) condition after induction of general anesthesia and was managed using cricothyrotomy. CASE REPORT A 45-year-old man with uncontrolled chronic GVHD developed pneumothorax of the right lung. Thoracoscopic dissection of the adhesions, closure of the pneumostomy, and drainage under general anesthesia were planned. In the preoperative airway assessment, we concluded that using a video laryngoscope or endotracheal fiber would be sufficient to intubate the patient after sedation and that airway management after the loss of consciousness would not be difficult. Therefore, general anesthesia was induced by rapid induction; however, the patient developed difficult mask ventilation. Intubation was attempted via a video laryngoscope or bronchofiber but failed. Ventilating using a supraglottic instrument was difficult. The patient was evaluated to have a CICV condition. Thereafter, because of a rapid decrease in oxygen saturation (SpO2) and bradycardia, a cricothyrotomy was performed. Subsequently, ventilation became adequate, SpO2 increased immediately and drastically, and respiration and circulatory dynamics recovered. CONCLUSIONS We believe that anesthesiologists should practice, prepare, and simulate airway emergencies that can be experienced during surgery. In this case, we recognized that skin sclerosis in the neck and chest could lead to CICV. It may be suitable for airway management of scleroderma-like patients to select conscious intubation with a bronchoscope as a first choice.

DOI： 10.12659/AJCR.938992

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DOI： 10.1007/s00540-022-03146-4

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Remimazolam is a short-acting benzodiazepine that was approved for clinical use in 2020. We report three patients who underwent surgery for cerebral and spinal cord tumors, in whom transcranial electrical stimulation-motor-evoked potential (TES-MEP) was successfully monitored under general anesthesia with remimazolam. During total intravenous anesthesia with propofol at a target concentration of 2.7 - 3.5 µg/mL and 0.1 - 0.35 µg/kg/min of remifentanil, delayed awakening, bradycardia, and hypotension during propofol anesthesia were expected in all three cases. With patient safety as the top priority, we considered changing the anesthetic agent. Propofol was replaced with remimazolam at a loading dose of 12 mg/kg/h for a few seconds (case 3), followed by 1 mg/kg/h for maintenance (cases 1-3). TES-MEP was recorded during propofol and remimazolam administration in all three patients. Amplitudes of TES-MEP during anesthesia with propofol and remimazolam were 461.5 ± 150 µV and 590.5 ± 100.9 µV, 1542 ± 127 µV and 1698 ± 211 µV, and 581.5 ± 91.3 µV and 634 ± 82.7 µV sequentially from Case 1. Our findings suggest that intraoperative TES-MEP could be measured when anesthesia was managed with remimazolam at 1 mg/kg/h.

DOI： 10.1007/s00540-022-03112-0

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There are very few reports on the effects of benzodiazepines such as midazolam and diazepam on intraoperative visual-evoked potential (VEP), and there is no report on the effect of remimazolam at all. Five patients underwent neurosurgery using VEP monitoring for avoiding surgical injury to the optic nerve. In all cases, drug administration was based on actual body weight. General anesthesia was induced with propofol and remifentanil, and then maintained with propofol at target concentrations of 2.7-3.5 µg/ml for maintaining bispectral index (BIS) between 40 and 60. After resection of the tumor under stable VEP, we discontinued propofol immediately followed by infusion of remimazolam at 12 mg/kg/h for a few seconds, then reduced to 1 mg/kg/h. After a time, when blood levels of remimazolam appeared to be stable, VEP was monitored again and compared to controls. In all cases, we were able to confirm that there was reproducibility. Remimazolam may provide a comparable quality of anesthesia to that of existing drugs for VEP in neurosurgery.

DOI： 10.1007/s00540-022-03159-z

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本臨床麻酔学会  

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WATCHMAN is a percutaneous left atrial appendage closure device that is implanted in patients who are unsuitable for anticoagulation therapy for atrial fibrillation. During WATCHMAN implantation, inducing apnea in the patient is preferable to allow stable deployment. We present three cases in which apneic oxygenation was employed to maintain oxygenation during apnea, and oxygen reserve index (ORiTM) was measured to evaluate its safety and efficacy. Oxygen was administered continuously via the endotracheal tube during apnea. During all four apneic events in three patients (mean duration of 356 seconds), the ORi values maintained above 0.24, which is generally considered the threshold of partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) > 100 mmHg. Transcutaneous oxygen saturation and PaO2 remained above 99% and 300 mmHg, respectively. There were no respiratory or circulatory complications during or after the surgery.

DOI： 10.4103/aca.aca_11_23

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Abstract

Background

Tracheal stenosis is a life-threatening condition, and management of a patient with a risk of tracheal stenosis is challenging for anesthesiologists. In this report, we describe a method for airway management using two gum elastic bougie method when removing a tracheal stent via a tracheostomy orifice with a risk of airway restenosis.

Case presentation

A 71-year-old man had an enlarged squamous cell carcinoma of the lung invading the upper mediastinum that had caused severe stenosis of the trachea. Two months after diagnosis, a tracheal stent had been placed to maintain tracheal patency. One month after stent placement, acute respiratory failure was induced by upper airway obstruction caused by subglottic airway edema due to mechanical stimulation of the cranial end of the stent, and the patient was rescued by oral tracheal intubation. Tracheal stent extraction was scheduled to relieve the laryngeal edema. Since there was a risk of tracheal restenosis because of the possibility of accidental evulsion of the orally tracheal tube which intubated to secure an emergency airway and tracheal stent extraction, two gum elastic bougies were inserted through the oral tracheal tube and tracheostomy orifice to facilitate re-intubation. After extraction of the tracheal stent, airway openness was maintained and tracheostomy was completed without any complication.

Conclusion

Successful management of tracheal stent extraction was performed using a double gum elastic bougie technique.

Other Link： https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40981-022-00500-z/fulltext.html

DOI： 10.1186/s40981-022-00500-z

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：克誠堂出版(株)  

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Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本心臓血管麻酔学会  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本心臓血管麻酔学会  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本心臓血管麻酔学会  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：医学図書出版(株)  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本神経麻酔集中治療学会  

Ichushi

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PURPOSE: The effects of remimazolam on autonomic nervous activity have not been elucidated. We investigated the differential effects of remimazolam and propofol on autonomic nervous activity during anesthesia induction. METHODS: Thirty patients were randomly divided into a remimazolam group or a propofol group for anesthesia induction. Hemodynamics and indices of heart rate variability were recorded before and after anesthesia. Low frequency power (LF; 0.04-0.15 Hz, ms2) and high frequency power (HF; 0.15-0.4 Hz, ms2) were calculated from power spectral density of heart rate variability. LF reflects both sympathetic and parasympathetic activities and HF reflects parasympathetic activity. To investigate the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activities, the normalized unit (%) of LF (LF nu) and that of HF (HF nu) were calculated. Changes in LF nu (ΔLF nu) before and after anesthesia (ΔLF nu = LF nu at awake-LF nu after anesthesia) were compared between the groups. RESULTS: Remimazolam and propofol decreased blood pressure and power spectral density of heart rate variability. Remimazolam did not change LF nu and HF nu, while propofol increased LF nu and decreased HF nu (P = 0.020). ΔLF nu in the remimazolam group (1.4 ± 23.6%) were less than that in the propofol group (19.3 ± 22.4%, P = 0.0415). CONCLUSION: Remimazolam and propofol decreased autonomic nervous activity during anesthesia induction. Remimazolam preserved the balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic activities, while propofol modulated it to sympathetic dominance.

DOI： 10.1007/s00540-022-03037-8

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PURPOSE: There is still a lack of robust data on the epidemiology of cardiac arrest during anesthesia. We investigated the frequency and risk factors of cardiac arrest during anesthesia over the past two decades at a tertiary care university hospital in Japan. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 111,851 anesthesia records of patients who underwent surgery under anesthesia between 2000 and 2019. Cardiac arrest cases were classified according to the patient's background, surgical status, main cause and initial rhythm of cardiac arrest, and the presence of the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify the risk factors of cardiac arrest and failure to achieve ROSC. RESULTS: Ninety cardiac arrest cases during anesthesia were identified. The incidence of cardiac arrest was 8.05 per 10,000 anesthetics (95% CI, 6.54-9.90). There were 6 anesthesia-related cardiac arrests and 9 anesthesia-contributory cardiac arrests. The most common cause of cardiac arrest was blood loss. American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status 4-5, emergency surgery, and cardiovascular surgery were identified as independent risk factors of cardiac arrest. American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status 4-5, blood loss-induced cardiac arrest, and non-shockable rhythm were independently associated with failure to achieve ROSC. CONCLUSION: Blood loss was the most common cause of cardiac arrest and blood loss-induced cardiac arrest was independently associated with failure to achieve ROSC. Further improvements in treatment strategies for bleeding may reduce the future incidence of cardiac arrest and death during anesthesia.

DOI： 10.1007/s00540-021-03034-3

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BACKGROUND: Monosomy 21 is a rare chromosomal abnormality. It is mainly associated with mental retardation, intellectual disability, growth retardation, microcephaly, and characteristic facial features. General anesthesia in adults with this disease has not been reported. We report difficult airway management of an adult patient with monosomy 21. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 30-year-old female was scheduled for laparoscopic gynecological surgery. She was diagnosed with monosomy 21 at birth and accompanied with mental retardation. Preoperative examination revealed limited mouth opening with Mallampati score of IV, but no abnormal laboratory test or chest X-P. Anesthesia was performed using general anesthesia with epidural analgesia. Although bag-mask ventilation was improved by a muscle relaxant, mouth opening was further restricted, and laryngoscope insertion was impossible. Tracheal intubation was achieved using a bronchofiberscope. The operation procedure was completed, and the patient was discharged from the hospital without any major postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: In this patient, mouth opening was further reduced after induction of general anesthesia with a muscle relaxant. Preoperative evaluation and adequate preparation of airway management are important for general anesthesia in an adult patient with monosomy 21.

DOI： 10.1186/s40981-022-00511-w

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公社)日本薬学会  

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Background: Physicians have had to perform numerous extubation procedures during the prolonged coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) pandemic. Future pandemics caused by unknown pathogen may also present a risk of exposure to infectious droplets and aerosols. Aim: This study evaluated the ability of a newly developed aerosol barrier, "Extubation-Aerosol (EA)-Shield" to provide maximum protection from aerosol exposure during extubation via an aerosolised particle count and high-quality visualisation assessments. Methods: We employed a cough model having parameters similar to humans and used micron oil aerosol as well as titanium dioxide as aerosol tracers. Aerosol barrier techniques employing a face mask (group M) and EA-Shield (group H) were compared. Findings: The primary outcome was the difference in the number of particles contacting the physician's face before and after extubation. The maximum distances of aerosol dispersal after extubation were measured as the secondary outcomes. All aerosolised particles of the two tracers were significantly smaller in group H than in group M (p < 0.05). In addition, the sagittal and axial maximum distances and sagittal areas of aerosol dispersal for 3, 5, and 10 s after extubation were significantly smaller in group H than in group M (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This model indicates that EA-Shield could be highly effective in reducing aerosol exposure during extubation. Therefore, we recommend using it as an aerosol barrier when an infectious aerosol risk is suspected.

DOI： 10.1016/j.infpip.2021.100193

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Background: Only a few studies have been reported on the use of dexmedetomidine for sedating surgical patients requiring epidural or spinal anesthesia. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study at 12 hospitals in Japan. Methods: Adult patients were randomly allocated to receive an intravenous administration of placebo or dexmedetomidine at 0.067, 0.25, 0.5 or 1.0 µg/kg over 10 min after epidural or spinal anesthesia. All dexmedetomidine groups received dexmedetomidine 0.2-0.7 µg/kg/h to maintain an Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (OAA/S) score of ≤ 4; however, propofol was administered to rescue patients who exceeded this score. Surgery was then started 15 min after study drug infusion in patients with OAA/S score of ≤ 4. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients not requiring rescue propofol to achieve and maintain an OAA/S score of ≤ 4. Results: Of the 120 enrolled and randomized patients, 119 were treated the study: 22 received placebo and 97 received dexmedetomidine (23-25 patients per dose). Significantly more patients did not require propofol in the dexmedetomidine 0.5 and 1.0 µg/kg groups (68.0% and 80.0%, respectively) compared to the placebo group (22.7%) (P = 0.003 and P < 0.001, respectively). Common adverse events (AEs) were protocol-defined respiratory depression, bradycardia and hypotension. There was no significant difference in the incidence of AEs between the dexmedetomidine and the placebo groups. Conclusion: We concluded that loading doses of 0.5 and 1.0 µg/kg dexmedetomidine, followed by an infusion at a rate of 0.2-0.7 µg/kg/h, provide effective and well-tolerated sedation for surgical patients during epidural or spinal anesthesia. Clinical trials.gov identifier: NCT01438957.

DOI： 10.33160/yam.2022.02.002

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Nature Research  

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-021-97486-y

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DOI： 10.1007/s00540-021-02981-1

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Nature Research  

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-021-89889-8

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PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare aerosol exposure with or without an aerosol box in a pressurized/depressurized room during aerosol-generating procedures using an experimental model. METHODS: Cake flour (aerosol model) was expelled from an advanced life support training mannequin. The primary outcome measure was the number of 0.3-10 µm-sized particles at three locations corresponding to the physician, medical staff, and environmental aerosol exposure levels. The aerosol dispersion was visualized using a high-resolution video. The number of expelled particles was measured after artificial coughing during simulated tracheal intubation and extubation in four situations, with or without an aerosol box in a pressurized or depressurized room (≤ 2.5 Pa). RESULTS: The particles arising from tracheal intubation at the three positions in the four groups differed significantly in size (p < 0.05). The sizes of particles arising from extubation at the physicians' and medical staff's faces in the four groups differed significantly in size (p < 0.05). Post hoc analysis showed that the counts of all particles at the three positions were significantly lower in the depressurized room with an aerosol box than in the pressurized room without an aerosol box during tracheal intubation (p < 0.05 at three positions) and extubation (p < 0.05) at the physician's and medical staff's positions). Visual assessments supported these results. CONCLUSION: The aerosol box decreased the exposure of the aerosol to the physician, medical staff, and environment during aerosol-generating procedures in the depressurized room only.

DOI： 10.1007/s00540-021-02997-7

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本集中治療医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本集中治療医学会  

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DOI： 10.1177/0310057X211027894

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Intraoperative neuromonitoring is widely used to prevent accidental injury during thyroid surgery. Anesthesia should be performed without muscle relaxant or agents with high muscle-relaxant potency. Remimazolam, a novel intravenous anesthetic, became available for clinical use in 2020. Remimazolam is an ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine with a very high clearance rate. However, there are very few data regarding its effect on currently used intraoperative neurological monitoring. Five patients underwent thyroid surgery using intraoperative recurrent laryngeal neuromonitoring. In all cases, intubation was performed after the administration of rocuronium. Anesthesia was maintained by continuous administration of remimazolam at the recommended dose and remifentanil, and no additional rocuronium or sugammadex was administered. Recurrent laryngeal nerve activity could be detected at the first stimulus after surgery was started, and monitoring continued thereafter. Intraoperative monitoring was performed without problems and all surgeries were completed without any complications. Anesthesia with remimazolam at the normal dose did not prolong the time to first positive electromyogram in patients undergoing thyroid surgery, and enables intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring to be performed without any serious perioperative adverse events. Remimazolam may provide a comparable quality of anesthesia to that of existing drugs for neuromonitoring during thyroid surgery.

DOI： 10.1007/s00540-021-02955-3

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：克誠堂出版(株)  

Other Link： https://search-tp.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2021&ichushi_jid=J01397&link_issn=&doc_id=20210729040006&doc_link_id=%2Fad3msuie%2F2021%2F007008%2F007%2F0836-0839%26dl%3D0&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalonline.jp%2Fjamas.php%3FGoodsID%3D%2Fad3msuie%2F2021%2F007008%2F007%2F0836-0839%26dl%3D0&type=MedicalOnline&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00004_2.gif

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BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) initiates immune responses involving infiltration of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) in the injured brain tissue. These MDMs play a key role in perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PNDs). We tested the hypothesis that preanesthetic treatment with dexmedetomidine (DEX) could suppress infiltration of MDMs into the hippocampus of TBI model mice, ameliorating PND. METHODS: We first performed bone marrow transplantation from green fluorescent protein-transgenic mice to C57BL/6 mice to identify MDMs. We used only male mice for homogeneity. Four weeks after transplantation, a controlled cortical impact model of TBI was created using recipient mice. Four weeks after TBI, mice received pretreatment with DEX before general anesthesia (GA). Mice performed the Barnes maze test (8-12 mice/group) 2 weeks after GA and were euthanized for immunohistochemistry (4-5 mice/group) or immunoblotting (7 mice/group) 4 weeks after GA. RESULTS: In Barnes maze tests, TBI model mice showed longer primary latency (mean difference, 76.5 [95% confidence interval, 41.4-111.6], P < .0001 versus Naïve), primary path length (431.2 [98.5-763.9], P = .001 versus Naïve), and more primary errors (5.7 [0.62-10.7], P = .017 versus Naïve) than Naïve mice on experimental day 3. Expression of MDMs in the hippocampus was significantly increased in TBI mice compared to Naïve mice (2.1 [0.6-3.7], P = .003 versus Naïve). Expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP1)-positive areas in the hippocampus was significantly increased in TBI mice compared to Naïve mice (0.38 [0.09-0.68], P = .007 versus Naïve). Immunoblotting indicated significantly increased expression of interleukin-1β in the hippocampus in TBI mice compared to Naïve mice (1.59 [0.08-3.1], P = .035 versus Naïve). In contrast, TBI mice pretreated with DEX were rescued from these changes and showed no significant difference from Naïve mice. Yohimbine, an α2 receptor antagonist, mitigated the effects of DEX (primary latency: 68.3 [36.5-100.1], P < .0001 versus TBI-DEX; primary path length: 414.9 [120.0-709.9], P = .0002 versus DEX; primary errors: 6.6 [2.1-11.2], P = .0005 versus TBI-DEX; expression of MDMs: 2.9 [1.4-4.4], P = .0001 versus TBI-DEX; expression of MCP1: 0.4 [0.05-0.67], P = .017 versus TBI-DEX; expression of interleukin-1β: 1.8 [0.34-3.35], P = .01 versus TBI-DEX). CONCLUSIONS: Preanesthetic treatment with DEX suppressed infiltration of MDMs in the hippocampus and ameliorated PND in TBI model mice. Preanesthetic treatment with DEX appears to suppress infiltration of MDMs in the hippocampus and may lead to new treatments for PND in patients with a history of TBI.

DOI： 10.1213/ANE.0000000000005699

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DOI： 10.1186/s40981-021-00462-8

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BACKGROUND: Epidural tunneling could help with prolonged catheterization and be effective in preventing infection and dislodgement. However, epidural tunneling techniques carry a risk of catheter shear or needlestick injuries. AIMS: This study aimed to examine the safety of our epidural tunneling technique in terms of catheter shear. METHODS: This study was designed as a double-blinded, single-crossover, in vitro study. Each of the operators performed two techniques to create a subcutaneous tunnel. We compared outcomes between the control tunneling technique (group C) and our improved technique (group I). Microscopic findings of catheter shear were assessed as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included the tension and displacement required to break the epidural catheter and the frequency of catheter breakage due to catheter shear. Data were analyzed using the Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney U test. A p-value of <.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Ten catheters were assessed in each group. The frequency of catheter shear was 10% in group I and 90% in group C (odds ratio, 0.019; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.01-0.31; p < .001). The frequency of catheter breakage due to catheter shear was significantly lower in group I (0%) than in group C (80%; p < .001). The mean tension and displacement required to break the catheter were significantly higher in group I than in group C (4.13 ± 0.37 N vs. 3.14 ± 1.00 N; mean difference, 0.99 N; 95% CI, 0.25-1.73 N; p = .013 and 222 ± 59.9 mm vs. 122 ± 77.7 mm; mean difference, 100 mm; 95% CI, 34.1-165 mm; p = .005). CONCLUSIONS: Our improved epidural tunneling technique, which was designed for pediatric cases, could reduce the risk of catheter shear.

DOI： 10.1111/pan.14186

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OBJECTIVES: The association of preoperative RV function with hemodynamics during OPCAB or emergency conversion is not clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of vasoactive-inotropic score with tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and tricuspid regurgitation in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting, and to calculate the optimal cut-off value of tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion to predict emergency conversion to cardiopulmonary bypass. METHODS: Patients over 20 years of age who had undergone off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting between April 2015 and March 2020 were enrolled in this study. We retrospectively assessed the association of intraoperative maximum "vasoactive-inotropic score", a weighted sum of various inotropes and vasoconstrictors, with tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and tricuspid regurgitation. A receiver operating characteristic curve of conversion on tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion was also constructed. RESULTS: 135 patients were included in final analysis. Conversion was performed in 10 cases. Multiple regression analysis showed that tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, mild or more tricuspid regurgitation and experienced surgeon were significantly related to vasoactive-inotropic score. The receiver operating characteristic curve to predict conversion by tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion showed an optimal cut-off value of 15.0 mm and area under the curve of 0.808. CONCLUSIONS: Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and tricuspid regurgitation were associated with vasoactive-inotropic score in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. The optimal cut-off value of tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion to predict emergency conversion was 15 mm.

DOI： 10.1007/s11748-020-01557-2

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Japan  

DOI： 10.1007/s00540-020-02889-2

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DOI： 10.1186/s40981-021-00428-w

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BACKGROUND: Remimazolam has less cardiovascular depressant effects than propofol in non-cardiac surgical patients. However, the efficacy and safety of remimazolam in cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) have not been reported. We present a case of successful anesthetic management using remimazolam in cardiac surgery with CPB. CASE PRESENTATION: A 76-year-old female was scheduled for mitral valve repair, tricuspid annuloplasty, maze procedure, and left atrial appendage closure. We used remimazolam in induction (6.0 mg/kg/h) and maintenance (0.6-1.0 mg/kg/h) of general anesthesia, and the bispectral index value was maintained in the range of 36 to 48 including the period of CPB. Hemodynamics, mixed venous oxygen saturation, and bilateral regional cerebral oxygen saturation were maintained within acceptable ranges. There was no intraoperative awareness/recall or serious complications associated with remimazolam throughout the perioperative period. CONCLUSIONS: Remimazolam can be used the same as other existing anesthetics in cardiac surgery with CPB.

DOI： 10.1186/s40981-021-00424-0

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DOI： 10.1097/EJA.0000000000001358

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BACKGROUND: Second-generation supraglottic airway (SGA) devices are useful for airway management during positive pressure ventilation in general anesthesia and emergency medicine. In some clinical settings, such as the anesthetic management of awake craniotomy, SGAs are used in the head-rotated position, which is required for exposure of the surgical field, although this position sometimes worsens the efficiency of mechanical ventilation with SGAs. In this study, we investigated and compared the influence of head rotation on oropharyngeal leak pressures (OPLP) of the i-gel and LMA® Supreme™, which are second-generation SGA devices. METHODS: Patients who underwent elective surgery under general anesthesia were enrolled in this study and randomly divided into i-gel or LMA Supreme groups. After induction of anesthesia with muscle relaxation, the i-gel or LMA Supreme was inserted according to computerized randomization. The primary outcome was the OPLP at 0°, 30°, and 60° head rotation. The secondary outcomes were the maximum airway pressure and expiratory tidal volume when patients were mechanically ventilated using a volume-controlled ventilation mode with a tidal volume of 10 mL/kg (ideal body weight), ventilation score, and fiber-optic views of vocal cords. RESULTS: Thirty-four and 36 participants were included in the i-gel and LMA Supreme groups, respectively. The OPLPs of the i-gel and LMA Supreme significantly decreased as the head rotation angle increased (mean difference [95% confidence interval], P value: i-gel; 0° vs 30°: 3.5 [2.2-4.8], P < .001; 30° vs 60°: 2.0 [0.6-3.5], P = .002; 0° vs 60°: 5.5 [3.3-7.8], P < .001, LMA Supreme; 0° vs 30°: 4.1 [2.6-5.5], P < .001; 30° vs 60°: 2.4 [1.1-3.7], P < .001; 0° vs 60°: 6.5 [5.1-8.0], P < .001). There were statistically significant differences in expiratory tidal volume and ventilation score between 0° and 60° in the i-gel group and in ventilation score between 30° and 60° in the LMA Supreme group. There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 devices in all outcome measures. The incidences of adverse events, such as hoarseness or sore throat, were not significantly different between i-gel and LMA Supreme. CONCLUSIONS: Head rotation to 30° and 60° reduces OPLP with both i-gel and LMA Supreme. There is no difference in OPLP between i-gel and LMA Supreme in the 3 head rotation positions.

DOI： 10.1213/ANE.0000000000005150

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BACKGROUND: Remimazolam is a benzodiazepine receptor agonist with an ultra-short-acting anesthetic effect. We used remimazolam for anesthesia in a patient with myotonic dystrophy type 1 who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). CASE PRESENTATION: A 58-year-old woman received ERCP under general anesthesia. She had impaired respiratory function due to myotonic dystrophy type I and was at a risk of respiratory complications after anesthesia. General anesthesia was induced with remimazolam 12 mg/kg/h, remifentanil 0.1 μg/kg/min and rocuronium 15 mg, followed by tracheal intubation and maintained with remimazolam 0.8-1.0 mg/kg/h. At the end of anesthesia, we injected sugammadex 150 mg and flumazenil 0.2 mg, allowing smooth and clear emergence from anesthesia. She was discharged from the hospital without any respiratory problems on postoperative day 5. CONCLUSIONS: Remimazolam was safe to use for general anesthesia in a patient with myotonic dystrophy type 1 undergoing ERCP.

DOI： 10.1186/s40981-021-00422-2

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Japan  

DOI： 10.1007/s00540-020-02866-9

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DOI： 10.1007/s00540-020-02865-w

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PURPOSE: The newly introduced erector spinae plane block (ESPB) has given anesthesiologists an alternative regional anesthetic technique for thoracic analgesia. Although ESPB and retrolaminar block (RLB) have similar puncture sites, no clinical study comparing ESPB and RLB has been reported. The aim of this study was to compare ESPB and RLB in terms of analgesic efficacy in the context of multimodal analgesia following breast surgery. METHODS: Fifty female patients undergoing breast surgery under general anesthesia were randomly allocated to receive either ultrasound-guided ESPB or RLB with 20 mL of 0.375% levobupivacaine for postoperative analgesia. The primary outcome was analgesic efficacy in terms of time to first postoperative rescue analgesic after the block procedure. The secondary outcomes were consumption of remifentanil during anesthesia, pain intensity at rest for 24 h postoperatively, and occurrence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). RESULTS: After excluding five patients, 45 patients (22 and 23 patients in the ESPB and RLB group, respectively) were analyzed. Median time until the first postoperative rescue analgesic after the block procedure in the ESPB group was not significantly longer than that in the RLB group (8.6 [range 2.7-24] vs. 4.8 [3.0-24] h; P = 0.83). There was no significant difference in the consumption of remifentanil during anesthesia, pain intensity at rest for 24 h postoperatively, and occurrence of PONV between the two groups. CONCLUSION: ESPB is equivalent, and not superior, to RLB for postoperative analgesia after breast surgery when 20 mL of 0.375% levobupivacaine is injected at the fourth thoracic vertebra.

DOI： 10.1007/s00540-020-02855-y

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BACKGROUND: Trigger point blocks are now widely practiced, especially in pain treatment. Among the complications of lumbar trigger point injection, reports of medically induced kidney injury are very rare, and diagnosis during emergency treatment is rare. CASE PRESENTATION: A 78-year-old woman on antiplatelet medication following a stroke was diagnosed with treatable type A aortic dissection at another hospital after undergoing lumbar trigger point injection. On arrival at our hospital, there were no signs of hemodynamic deterioration. Additional careful medical re-interview and ultrasonography by anesthesiologists enabled a definitive diagnosis of acute kidney damage and hematoma caused by lumbar trigger point injection, and aortic dissection surgery was abandoned. CONCLUSION: This clinical case demonstrates the importance of awareness of potential kidney injury and hematoma during lumbar trigger point injection.

DOI： 10.1186/s40981-021-00416-0

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：真興交易(株)医書出版部  

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DOI： 10.1007/s12630-020-01807-0

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Background: Chronic and/or intermittent exposure to hypobaric hypoxia reportedly exerts cardioprotective effects against ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, few studies have focused on the cardioprotective effects of acute and/or short-term hypobaric and hypoxic exposures. This study investigated the effects of acute hypobaric hypoxia on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Materials and Methods: Rats were assigned to groups receiving normobaric normoxia (NN group), hypobaric hypoxia (HH group), or normobaric hypoxia (NH group). HH group rats were exposed to 60.8 kPa and 12.6% fraction of inspired oxygen in a hypobaric chamber for 6 h. NH group rats were exposed to hypoxic conditions under normal pressure. After each exposure, 30 min of myocardial ischemia was followed by 60 min of reperfusion. Cardiac function and infarct size were determined after reperfusion. Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) was also measured. Results: Cardiac function was better preserved in the HH and NH groups than in the NN group (p < 0.01 each). Median infarct size/area at risk was significantly lower in the HH group (50%, interquartile range [IQR] 48-54%; p < 0.01 vs. NN group) and NH group (45%, IQR 36-50%; p < 0.01 vs. NN group) than in the NN group (72%, IQR 69-75%). HIF1α expression was significantly higher in the HH group (p < 0.05 vs. NN group) and NH group (p < 0.01 vs. NN group) than in the NN group. Conclusions: Exposure to acute and/or short-term hypobaric and hypoxic conditions might exert cardioprotective effects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via HIF1α modulation.

DOI： 10.1155/2021/6617374

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DOI： 10.1007/s00540-021-03004-9

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Remimazolam, a novel and ultrashort-acting benzodiazepine, has been available for general anesthesia in Japan. The administration of remimazolam does not induce injection pain, has been reported to have less cardiovascular depressant effects during general anesthesia, and flumazenil can antagonize the effects of remimazolam. However, in clinical trials, no patient who is complicated with severe heart failure or undergoes cardiac surgery was included. We present anesthetic management with remimazolam for MitraClip® implantation in a patient with severe mitral regurgitation and advanced heart failure. Remimazolam was administered both in anesthetic induction and maintenance with less cardiovascular depressant effects. After surgical procedures were completed, the patient smoothly recovered from anesthesia and the tracheal was extubated just after administration of flumazenil. Remimazolam may be able to achieve appropriate anesthetic management in patients complicated with severe cardiovascular diseases.

DOI： 10.1155/2021/5536442

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DOI： 10.1007/s00540-020-02864-x

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：医学図書出版(株)  

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BACKGROUND: Myotonic dystrophy is a disorder affecting multiple organs including skeletal muscles and causes respiratory failure. We describe a patient who developed respiratory failure, with delayed diagnosis of myotonic dystrophy type 1 as the cause. CASE PRESENTATION: A 62-year-old woman developed acute onset of dyspnea after showing hypertension and tachycardia and was transported to our hospital. On arrival at our institution, SpO2 was 80% with a non-rebreather mask. With a diagnosis of acute phase heart failure, she underwent tracheal intubation. However, weaning from the respirator was difficult in the intensive care unit (ICU). A detailed interview revealed that her brother was affected with myotonic dystrophy type 1. She was also diagnosed with myotonic dystrophy type 1 by a genetic test. CONCLUSIONS: Taking a careful past and family history and prompt genetic testing is required on suspicion of neuromuscular diseases in a patient with respiratory failure by an unknown cause.

DOI： 10.1186/s40981-020-00388-7

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications  

DOI： 10.4103/aca.ACA_69_19

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：克誠堂出版(株)  

Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2020&ichushi_jid=J01397&link_issn=&doc_id=20201002070004&doc_link_id=%2Fad3msuie%2F2020%2F006910%2F005%2F1060b1063%26dl%3D3&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalonline.jp%2Fjamas.php%3FGoodsID%3D%2Fad3msuie%2F2020%2F006910%2F005%2F1060b1063%26dl%3D3&type=MedicalOnline&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00004_4.gif

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DOI： 10.1213/ANE.0000000000005090

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Inflationary noninvasive blood pressure (iNIBP) monitoring can determine BP in a shorter time compared to conventional deflationary NIBP (dNIBP) monitoring. We assessed the efficacy of iNIBP monitoring during induction of general anaesthesia and tracheal intubation, which can cause rapid changes in haemodynamics. Our study included 14 surgery patients receiving tracheal intubation under general anaesthesia. Blood pressure was continuously measured using iNIBP monitoring. We recorded the percentage of successful iNIBP monitoring (measurements made without switching to dNIBP mode) during anaesthesia induction. We obtained 326 BP-measurements from 14 patients. The iNIPB mode was able to perform 90.9% of the measurements during the induction of general anaesthesia. iNIBP could determine BP even during periods of high blood pressure variability (31.6% [interquartile range; 22-40]). Our results validate the utility of iNIBP monitoring during the induction period of general anaesthesia, despite the rapid haemodynamic changes.

DOI： 10.1177/1750458920957917

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BACKGROUND: Cerebrospinal fluid drainage (CSFD) is recommended as a spinal cord protective strategy in open and endovascular thoracic aortic repair. Although small studies support the use of CSFD, systematic reviews have not suggested definite conclusion and a large-scale study is needed. Therefore, we reviewed medical records of patients who had undergone descending and thoracoabdominal aortic repair (both open and endovascular repair) at multiple institutions to assess the association between CSFD and postoperative motor deficits. METHODS: Patients included in this study underwent descending or thoracoabdominal aortic repair between 2000 and 2013 at 12 hospitals belonging to the Japanese Association of Spinal Cord Protection in Aortic Surgery. We conducted a retrospective study to investigate whether motor-evoked potential monitoring is effective in reducing motor deficits in thoracic aortic aneurysm repair. We use the same dataset to examine whether CSFD reduces motor deficits after propensity score matching. RESULTS: We reviewed data from 1214 patients [open surgery, 601 (49.5%); endovascular repair, 613 (50.5%)]. CSFD was performed in 417 patients and not performed in the remaining 797 patients. Postoperative motor deficits were observed in 75 (6.2%) patients at discharge. After propensity score matching (n = 700), mixed-effects logistic regression performed revealed that CSFD is associated with postoperative motor deficits at discharge [adjusted odds ratio (OR), 3.87; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.30-6.51]. CONCLUSION: CSFD may not be effective for postoperative motor deficits at discharge.

DOI： 10.1007/s00540-020-02857-w

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The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has brought critical challenges to anesthesiologists and perioperative practice. Whereas anesthesiologists may be primarily concerned with airway and respiratory management, the COVID-19 data accumulated to date indicate that primary and/or secondary cardiovascular complications are common. Previous studies have demonstrated that the mortality rate is significantly higher in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) than in patients without CVD. Dysregulation of immune function in patients with CVD may be involved in the prognosis of COVID-19 patients. Anesthesia and surgical procedures can modulate the immune system, and some patients undergoing surgery, particularly those undergoing cardiovascular procedures, have CVD. In perioperative management for patients with suspected or diagnosed COVID-19 and those who have recovered from COVID-19, it is important for anesthesiologists to be concerned not only with airway and respiratory management, but also with cardiovascular complications and perioperative circulatory management to control the progression of the disease in patients with COVID-19.

DOI： 10.1007/s00540-020-02852-1

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PURPOSE: This trial was conducted to confirm the non-inferiority of remimazolam versus propofol in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia in surgical patients. METHODS: Surgical patients (n = 375) were randomized to remimazolam started at 6 or 12 mg/kg/h by continuous intravenous (IV) infusion until the loss of consciousness (LoC), followed by 1 mg/kg/h to be adjusted as appropriate until the end of surgery or IV propofol administered as a slow bolus of 2.0-2.5 mg/kg until LoC followed by 4-10 mg/kg/h until the end of surgery. Efficacy was measured via the combined primary endpoint of no intraoperative awakening/recall, no need for rescue sedatives, and no body movements. Adverse events and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were monitored for safety. RESULTS: Efficacy rates were 100% in all treatment groups, and the non-inferiority of remimazolam was demonstrated [95% confidence interval (- 0.0487; 0.0250)]. The time to LoC was longer in the remimazolam 6 (p < 0.0001) and 12 mg/kg/h (p = 0.0149) groups versus propofol. The time to extubation was longer in both remimazolam groups versus the propofol group (p ≤ 0.0001). The incidence of ADRs was similar in the remimazolam groups (39.3% and 42.7%, respectively) compared with the propofol group (61.3%). Decreased blood pressure occurred in 20.0% and 24.0% of patients treated with 6 and 12 mg/kg/h remimazolam, respectively, compared with 49.3% of patients receiving propofol. Injection site pain was reported in 18.7% of propofol patients but not in those receiving remimazolam. CONCLUSIONS: This trial demonstrated that remimazolam was well tolerated and non-inferior to propofol with regard to efficacy as a sedative hypnotics for general anesthesia. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial is registered with the Japan Pharmaceutical Information Center - Clinical Trials Information (JapicCTI). JapicCTI number: 121973.

DOI： 10.1007/s00540-020-02788-6

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Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) offers cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. The humoral factors involved in RIPC that are released from parasympathetically innervated organs have not been identified. Previous studies showed that ghrelin, a hormone released from the stomach, is associated with cardioprotection. However, it is unknown whether or not ghrelin is involved in the mechanism of RIPC. This study aimed to determine whether ghrelin serves as one of the humoral factors in RIPC. RIPC group rats were subjected to three cycles of ischemia and reperfusion for 5 min in two limbs before left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery ligation. Unacylated ghrelin (UAG) group rats were given 0.5 mcg/kg UAG intravenously 30 min before LAD ligation. Plasma levels of UAG in all groups were measured before and after RIPC procedures and UAG administration. Additionally, JAK2/STAT3 pathway inhibitor (AG490) was injected in RIPC and UAG groups to investigate abolishment of the cardioprotection of RIPC and UAG. Plasma levels of UAG, infarct size and phosphorylation of STAT3 were compared in all groups. Infarct size was significantly reduced in RIPC and UAG groups, compared to the other groups. Plasma levels of UAG in RIPC and UAG groups were significantly increased after RIPC and UAG administration, respectively. The cardioprotective effects of RIPC and UAG were accompanied by an increase in phosphorylation of STAT3 and abolished by AG490. This study indicated that RIPC reduces myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury through UAG-induced activation of JAK/STAT pathway. UAG may be one of the humoral factors involved in the cardioprotective effects of RIPC.

DOI： 10.1007/s00395-020-0809-z

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BACKGROUND: Psoriasis vulgaris, a chronic inflammatory skin disease, rarely causes temporomandibular arthritis. We report a case of difficult airway management of a patient with limited range of motion in the temporomandibular joint and cervical extension caused by psoriatic arthritis. CASE PRESENTATION: A 33-year-old man was scheduled to undergo laparoscopic colectomy. On admission, he was diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis. After induction of general anesthesia, we attempted intubation using Pentax Airway Scope® with a thin intlock blade and using a bronchoscope, but it was impossible because of the limited oral space and mandibular elevation. Because of concerns about cannot intubate, cannot ventilate, we antagonized the neuromuscular block and he emerged from general anesthesia. Finally, we succeeded in awake intubation via the nasal cavity using a bronchoscope under spontaneous respiration. CONCLUSIONS: Although psoriasis vulgaris is very rarely associated with temporomandibular arthritis, anesthesiologists should consider that it can cause perioperative difficult airways.

DOI： 10.1186/s40981-020-00351-6

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer  

DOI： 10.1007/s00540-020-02749-z

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PURPOSE: Preoperative anxiety in children is challenging for anesthesia providers and nurses. The use of video glasses (VG), an immersive head mount display, helps conceal the unfamiliar operating room environment from the patient's visual field. The aim of this study was to determine the anxiolytic effect of VG compared with that of a portable multimedia player (PMP) during the preoperative period in children. DESIGN: Prospective randomized trial. METHODS: Participants were randomized into VG or PMP groups. Patients watched their favorite animation videos using the allocated device from the time of entering the preanesthetic holding area to the end of anesthetic induction. We evaluated modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale scores during anesthetic induction. FINDINGS: The modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale score in the VG group was significantly lower than that in the PMP group (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: In children, the anxiolytic effect of VG during the preoperative period is larger than that of PMP.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jopan.2019.10.001

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Public Library of Science  

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0228093

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BACKGROUND: Surgery for catecholamine-producing tumours can be complicated by intraoperative and postoperative haemodynamic instability. Several perioperative management strategies have emerged but none has been evaluated in randomized trials. To assess this issue, contemporary perioperative management and outcome data from 21 centres were collected. METHODS: Twenty-one centres contributed outcome data from patients who had surgery for phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma between 2000 and 2017. The data included the number of patients with and without α-receptor blockade, surgical and anaesthetic techniques, complications and perioperative mortality. RESULTS: Across all centres, data were reported on 1860 patients with phaeochromocytoma or paraganglioma, of whom 343 underwent surgery without α-receptor blockade. The majority of operations (78·9 per cent) were performed using minimally invasive techniques, including 16·1 per cent adrenal cortex-sparing procedures. The cardiovascular complication rate was 5·0 per cent overall: 5·9 per cent (90 of 1517) in patients with preoperative α-receptor blockade and 0·9 per cent (3 of 343) among patients without α-receptor blockade. The mortality rate was 0·5 per cent overall (9 of 1860): 0·5 per cent (8 of 517) in pretreated and 0·3 per cent (1 of 343) in non-pretreated patients. CONCLUSION: There is substantial variability in the perioperative management of catecholamine-producing tumours, yet the overall complication rate is low. Further studies are needed to better define the optimal management approach, and reappraisal of international perioperative guidelines appears desirable.

DOI： 10.1002/bjs.11378

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Anesthesiologists should supply proper sedation and high-quality awakening in awake craniotomy anesthesia. At our institution, we perform an asleep-awake-asleep technique for awake craniotomy anesthesia by using short-acting anesthetic drugs, such as propofol and remifentanil. However, elderly patients do not wake adequately in our normal protocol and hence are unable to complete the required neurological tasks. In this case series, we present the anesthetic management of three elderly patients with sequent use of propofol and dexmedetomidine as sedative agents for awake craniotomy. We hypothesized that this anesthetic protocol is advantageous in awake craniotomy management. For the awake phase, all patients were adequately awake and performed neurological tasks without adverse events and agitation. The use of dexmedetomidine sequentially with propofol in an asleep-awake-asleep technique for awake craniotomy in elderly patients might shorten the time to awakening and provide clear awakening.

DOI： 10.1155/2020/6795363

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AIM: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of individualized nutritional treatment on the activities of daily living of acute stroke patients. METHODS: This was a randomized controlled study. The eligibility criteria were acute stroke, age >65 years and the presence of malnutrition risk. Between September 2016 and December 2017, 128 patients were assigned to either the standard or intensive group (individualized nutritional treatment). The intensive group received energy that was calculated using the Harris-Benedict equation. The main outcome measures were the total functional independence measurement gain from the time of assignment to the time of discharge from the recovery hospital or at 3 months after the stroke onset, and motor and cognitive functional independence measurement gains. RESULTS: Compared with the standard group, the intensive group had significantly higher median energy intake (P < 0.001); significantly greater functional independence measurement gains in the total score (42 vs. 22; P = 0.02) and motor subscore (P = 0.01), but similar cognitive subscore. CONCLUSION: Individualized nutritional treatment improved the activities of daily living of older acute stroke patients with malnutrition risk. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; ••: ••-••.

DOI： 10.1111/ggi.13854

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Language：English   Publisher：札幌医科大学  

Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2019&ichushi_jid=J00522&link_issn=&doc_id=20200421320007&doc_link_id=http%3A%2F%2Fid.nii.ac.jp%2F1599%2F00016492%2F&url=http%3A%2F%2Fid.nii.ac.jp%2F1599%2F00016492%2F&type=%8ED%96y%88%E3%89%C8%91%E5%8Aw%81F%8ED%96y%88%E3%89%C8%91%E5%8Aw%8Aw%8Fp%8B%40%8A%D6%83%8A%83%7C%83W%83g%83%8A_ikor&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F80183_3.gif

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PURPOSE: Prolonged propofol infusion induces skeletal muscle damage. However, it is well known that the lipid emulsion that is the solvent of propofol causes various types of tissue damage via lipid peroxidation, and that propofol, conversely, has an anti-lipid peroxidative effect. The purpose of this study was to determine whether propofol or the lipid emulsion is the cause of muscle damage following prolonged administration. METHODS: Rats were divided into four groups: NI group (no intervention), Cath group (venous catheter insertion only), Prop group (1% propofol (Maruishi) intravenous infusion at 10 mg/kg/h), and Lipid group (10% Lipofundin® intravenous infusion at 100 mg/kg/h) (n = 10, each group). 1% Propofol (Maruishi) or Lipofundin was infused at 1 mL/kg/h for 72 h. The solvent of 1% propofol (Maruishi) is a 10% lipid emulsion. Lipofundin consists of 50% long-chain triacylglycerols and 50% medium-chain triacylglycerols, similar to the propofol solvent. Plasma concentrations of creatine kinase and myoglobin, superoxide production level, and 4-hydroxynonenal and malondialdehyde expression in the gastrocnemius muscle were evaluated 72 h after the interventions. RESULTS: Plasma concentrations of creatine kinase and myoglobin in the Lipid group were significantly higher than those in the other three groups. The superoxide production level, and 4-hydroxynonenal and malondialdehyde expression in the Lipid group were also significantly higher than in the other three groups. CONCLUSION: Lipofundin induces skeletal muscle damage via lipid peroxidation, and 1% propofol (Maruishi) conversely suppresses the muscle damage via antioxidant effects.

DOI： 10.1007/s00540-019-02676-8

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：真興交易(株)医書出版部  

Ichushi

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Academic Press Inc.  

DOI： 10.1016/j.jss.2019.03.018

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本心臓血管麻酔学会  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本心臓血管麻酔学会  

Ichushi

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Lippincott Williams and Wilkins  

DOI： 10.1213/ANE.0000000000004147

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OBJECTIVES: The authors investigated the association between intraoperative motor-evoked potential (MEP) changes and the severity of spinal cord infarction diagnosed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to clarify the discrepancy between them, which was observed in patients with postoperative motor deficits after thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic surgery. DESIGN: A multicenter retrospective study. SETTING: Motor-evoked potential <25% of control values was deemed positive for spinal cord ischemia. The severity of spinal cord infarction was categorized into grades A to D based on previous studies using the most severe axial MRI slices. The associations between MRI grade, MEP changes, and motor deficits were examined using logistic regression. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-three of 1,245 patients (from 1999 to 2013, at 12 hospitals in Japan) were extracted from medical records of patients who underwent thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic repair, with intraoperative MEP examinations and postoperative spinal MRI. INTERVENTIONS: No intervention (observational study). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Motor-evoked potential <25% of control value was associated significantly with motor deficits at discharge (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 130.0; p = 0.041), but not with severity of spinal cord infarction (adjusted OR, 0.917; p = 0.931). Motor deficit at discharge was associated with severe spinal cord infarction (adjusted OR, 4.83; p = 0.043), MEP <25% (adjusted OR, 13.95; p = 0.031), and combined deficits (motor and sensory, motor and bowel or bladder, or sensory and bowel or bladder deficits; adjusted OR, 31.03; p = 0.072) in stepwise logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSION: Motor-evoked potential <25% was associated significantly with motor deficits at discharge, but not with the severity of spinal cord infarction.

DOI： 10.1053/j.jvca.2018.12.004

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BACKGROUND: The main purposes of awake craniotomy are to minimize postoperative brain dysfunction caused by the surgical procedure and to maximize the tumor resection range. In awake craniotomy, it is important to have a good quality of awakening and to obtain patient's obedience in the awake phase. CASE PRESENTATION: The patient was a 75-year-old woman with an advanced hearing impairment who was scheduled for awake craniotomy. We used a bone conduction voice amplifier before and during the awake phase and communicated with the patient smoothly. CONCLUSIONS: We were able to complete awake craniotomy fully, and overcoming the deafness problem might have contributed to the patient's good outcome. This case report indicates that awake craniotomy can be performed in a patient with an advanced hearing impairment under the condition of careful anesthetic management.

DOI： 10.1186/s40981-019-0258-6

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BACKGROUND: Many Japanese adults suffer from chronic pain. However, 50% of these individuals discontinue treatment despite the persistence of pain. Both clinicians and patients in Japan tend to be concerned about the safety and efficacy of opioid therapy, and the use of opioids in chronic non-cancer pain remains less common in Japan than elsewhere. AIMS: This study examined the effects of opioid therapy on the daily lives of patients with chronic noncancer pain in Japan, where use of opioids for this type of pain remains uncommon. DESIGN: Prospective cross-sectional questionnaire study. SETTING: Data were collected over two periods, between March and April 2014 at one hospital, and between February and April 2015 at the other hospital. Subjects were recruited at the respective clinics by the study interviewer between March 1, 2014 and April 15, 2014 and between February 1, 2015 and April 15, 2015. PARTICIPANTS/SUBJECTS: This study included 34 outpatients with chronic non-cancer pain who were being treated with opioid analgesics at pain clinics in two hospitals in Sapporo. METHODS: Thirty-four Japanese patients receiving opioid medications for chronic noncancer pain in outpatient pain clinics were enrolled. Participants underwent interviews and completed the Japanese versions of the Short Form 36 (SF-36v2) and the Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ). RESULTS: Sleep disruption, claiming compensation for work-related accidents, and current pain level were negatively correlated with opioid effectiveness (p < .05). Additionally, opioid effectiveness was negatively correlated with the catastrophizing subscale of the CSQ (r = -0.50, p < .01). The effects of opioid therapy had a low positive correlation with the emotional functioning role subscale of the SF-36v2 (r = 0.38, p < .05). Daily equivalent morphine dose was positively correlated with opioid therapy duration, interference with appetite, and current pain intensity. Morphine dose was also positively correlated with scores for the catastrophizing subscale of the CSQ (r = 0.36, p < .05) and negatively correlated with scores in all subdomains of the SF-36v2. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to focus on adaptive, cognitive, and emotional factors, such as emotional role functioning, to determine the efficacy of opioid treatment for chronic noncancer pain. Moreover, patients with catastrophizing significantly increased their morphine doses, resulting in an increased risk of overdose.

DOI： 10.1016/j.pmn.2018.09.010

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PURPOSE: Temperature monitoring in the perioperative periods is important in order to avoid both hyperthermia and hypothermia. In our pilot study, we evaluated the usefulness of Bair Hugger™ temperature monitoring system (BHTMS), a forehead deep temperature monitoring system, in the neck and chest under general anesthesia. METHODS: After approval from the Sapporo Medical University Research Ethics Board, 30 female patients scheduled for laparoscopic surgery were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into three groups, depending on the attachment regions of BHTMS sensor. Temperatures obtained from the three regions and each esophageal temperature (TEso) were monitored and analyzed. RESULTS: A Bland-Altman plot showed that the mean bias between temperature obtained from the neck and TEso was + 0.05 °C above TEso (2SD ± 0.35 °C), and that between temperature obtained from the chest and TEso was - 0.55 °C above TEso (2SD ± 0.55 °C). CONCLUSION: By using the BHTMS sensor in the neck region, it is possible to monitor core body temperature seamlessly and with high reliability. These results may suggest that the use of BHTMS has high versatility in measuring perioperative core body temperature. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was approved by the Sapporo Medical University Research Ethics Board (2015: No. 262-149) and registered with UMIN Clinical Trial Registry ( UMIN000016802 Registered 15 March 2015).

DOI： 10.1186/s40981-019-0252-z

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Dexmedetomidine (DEX), a highly selective alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist, directly protects hearts against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the detailed mechanism has not been fully elucidated. We studied differentially expressed mRNAs and miRNAs after DEX administration in rat hearts by comprehensive analysis. Additionally, bioinformatics analysis was applied to explore candidate genes and pathways that might play important roles in DEX-induced cardioprotection. The results of microarray analysis showed that 165 mRNAs and 6 miRNAs were differentially expressed after DEX administration. Through bioinformatics analysis using differentially expressed mRNAs, gene ontology (GO) terms including MAP kinase tyrosine/serine/threonine phosphatase activity and pathways including the p53 pathway were significantly enriched in the down-regulated mRNAs. Dusp1 and Atm were associated with the GO term of MAP kinase tyrosine/serine/threonine phosphatase activity and the p53 pathway, respectively. On the other hand, no significant pathway was found in the target mRNAs of deregulated miRNAs. The results indicated some possible key genes and pathways that seem to be of significance in DEX-induced cardioprotection, although miRNAs seem to be unlikely to contribute to cardioprotection induced by DEX.

DOI： 10.3390/ijms20071614

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BACKGROUND: Severe abdominal pain caused by a rectus sheath hematoma (RSH) can decrease a patient's activities of daily living. A case of postoperative RSH for which a continuous rectus sheath block (RSB) was effective is reported. CASE PRESENTATION: A 62-year-old woman who had no previous medical history underwent hysterectomy, total cystectomy, and ileal conduit surgery for bladder cancer under epidural and general anesthesia. She complained of severe abdominal pain 40 min after removal of the epidural catheter on postoperative day (POD) 4. Computed tomography showed an RSH on POD 12. For pain relief, an ultrasound-guided continuous RSB was performed on POD 17. After the block, the numerical rating scale (NRS) score during movement decreased immediately (from 10 to 2 or 3), and she had no further need for oral or intravenous analgesics. She was discharged from the hospital without any complications on POD 28. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous RSB can be an effective technique for pain relief of postoperative RSH.

DOI： 10.1186/s40981-019-0236-z

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BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported the usefulness of intraoperative corticocortical evoked potentials (CCEPs) for preserving language function during brain surgery. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the influence of depth of anesthesia on CCEP to establish its clinical utility. METHODS: Twenty patients with brain tumors or epilepsy who underwent awake craniotomy were included in this study. Before resection, the electrode plates were placed on the frontal and temporoparietal cortices, and 1-Hz alternating electrical stimuli were delivered to the pars opercularis/pars triangularis in a bipolar fashion. Electrocorticograms from the temporoparietal cortices time-locked to stimuli were averaged to obtain CCEP responses from a state of deep anesthesia until the awake state. The correlation between CCEP waveforms and bispectral index (BIS) was evaluated. RESULTS: CCEP amplitude increased with the increase in the BIS level. CCEP latency decreased in 5 patients and increased in 15 patients under anesthesia compared with the awake state. CCEP amplitudes decreased by 11.3% to 75.2% (median 31.3%) under anesthesia with <65 BIS level. These differences were statistically significant (P < 0.01, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). With respect to CCEP latencies, there was no significant difference between the awake and anesthetic states. CONCLUSIONS: CCEP amplitudes were correlated with depth of anesthesia, whereas CCEP latencies were not affected by anesthesia. The influence of anesthesia should be considered when applying this technique to intraoperative monitoring.

DOI： 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.11.253

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OBJECTIVE: For patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) within 120 minutes from onset is recommended. A helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) is useful for transporting ACS patients. The purposes of this study were to investigate whether patients with ACS in the eastern part of Hokkaido could be transported to a PCI hospital by HEMS and undergo PCI within 120 minutes and to clarify the factors most related to delayed access to PCI. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study that analyzed 513 patients diagnosed with ACS at our institution, an HEMS base/PCI hospital. We investigated transport modes for each patient and identified the processes by which access to PCI was delayed. RESULTS: HEMS reduced transport time compared with ground emergency medical services but did not contribute to access to PCI within 120 minutes. The most important factor was transport directly to a PCI hospital (P < .01). CONCLUSION: HEMS did not achieve a total transport time of patients to a PCI hospital within 120 minutes from onset. Transport using HEMS is insufficient to access early PCI; patient condition must also be considered to determine whether to go through a non-PCI hospital.

DOI： 10.1016/j.amj.2018.11.008

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SAGE Publications Ltd  

DOI： 10.1177/0391398818801292

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Sapporo Medical University  

DOI： 10.15114/smj.88.65

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DOI： 10.1111/pan.13546

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The anesthetic management of myasthenia gravis patients undergoing cardiac or aortic surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass, especially with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, is challenging. We describe a case of successful anesthetic management of a myasthenia gravis patient undergoing total arch replacement with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest under neuromuscular monitoring and complete reversal of the action of neuromuscular blocking drugs by sugammadex. The present case suggests that patients with well-controlled myasthenia gravis might be safely managed in cardiac or aortic surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.

DOI： 10.1155/2019/3278147

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BACKGROUND: Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) present increased risks for anesthesia-related complications. We present a case of epidural anesthesia combined with sedation with dexmedetomidine for open appendectomy in a patient with ALS who refused invasive mechanical ventilation. CASE PRESENTATION: A 50-year-old man with a 3-year history of ALS was scheduled to undergo open appendectomy due to repeated appendicitis. He refused to undergo invasive mechanical ventilation using an endotracheal tube. Hence, we decided to administer epidural anesthesia combined with sedation with dexmedetomidine for anesthesia during the surgical procedure. The patient underwent open appendectomy without complications and with no pain or discomfort during surgery. There were no neurological complications at the 3-month follow-up after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Epidural anesthesia combined with sedation with dexmedetomidine may be effective for the anesthetic management of patients who would benefit from regional anesthesia.

DOI： 10.1186/s40981-018-0220-z

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DOI： 10.1053/j.jvca.2018.06.018

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：克誠堂出版(株)  

Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2018&ichushi_jid=J01397&link_issn=&doc_id=20181105110013&doc_link_id=%2Fad3msuie%2F2018%2F006711%2F015%2F1213-1215%26dl%3D0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalonline.jp%2Fjamas.php%3FGoodsID%3D%2Fad3msuie%2F2018%2F006711%2F015%2F1213-1215%26dl%3D0&type=MedicalOnline&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00004_2.gif

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INTRODUCTION: Although venous cannulation is imperative during perioperative period, it inevitably causes venipuncture pain. Eutectic mixture local anesthetics (EMLA) has been used to reduce this pain, and various studies have been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of EMLA. But these studies did not elucidate the effect of EMLA exactly, because there were large individual differences in pain sensitivity. The aim of this study is to accurately evaluate the efficacy of EMLA cream for venipuncture pain relief compared with lidocaine tape in the same patients. METHODS: Participants were randomly allocated into EL or LE group. Participants received EMLA cream at one side dorsum of hand and lidocaine tape at another dorsum of hand before entering operation room. Local anesthetics were strictly applied according to their manufacturers' instruments, respectively. In the EL group, participants received venipuncture at EMLA cream site firstly. In LE group, participants, conversely, received venipuncture at lidocaine tape site firstly. Before anesthetic induction, local anesthetics were removed followed by venous cannulations. After cannulation, participants evaluated the pain by visual analog scale (VAS) and verbal rating scale (VRS).The primary outcome was VAS, and the secondary outcome was VRS. RESULTS: Data from 24 patients were analyzed. The VAS of EMLA cream was significantly lower than that of lidocaine tape (4 [0-18] vs 17 [8-45], p = 0.001, 95% CI - 25 to - 6). The VRS of EMLA cream was also significantly lower than that of lidocaine tape (2 [1-2] vs 2 [2-3], p = 0.002, 95% CI - 0.8 to - 0.2). The local skin adverse events were observed in five patients at EMLA cream applied hands. CONCLUSIONS: We conducted a comparative study to elucidate the efficacy of EMLA cream for venipuncture-pain comparing with lidocaine tape in the same patients. Our results strongly suggest that EMLA cream is more effective for venipuncture pain relief than lidocaine tape. TRIAL REGISTRATIONS: UMIN Clinical Trials Registry, UMIN000023030 . Registered 5 July 2016.

DOI： 10.1186/s40981-018-0210-1

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Tokyo  

DOI： 10.1007/s00540-018-2531-7

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Kokuseido Publishing Co. Ltd  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本臨床麻酔学会  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本心臓血管麻酔学会  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Kokuseido Publishing Co. Ltd  

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DOI： 10.1007/s00540-018-2487-7

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DOI： 10.1213/ANE.0000000000002749

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Tokyo  

DOI： 10.1007/s00540-017-2432-1

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BACKGROUND: Dexmedetomidine (DEX) has a direct cardioprotective effect against ischemia/reperfusion injury through endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation via α2-adrenoreceptor (α2-AR). By using spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat models, the cardioprotective effect of DEX in hypertrophied myocardium and the differential characteristics of cardiac α2-AR and the I1 imidazoline receptor (I1R) were examined. METHODS: Langendorff-perfused rat hearts underwent 40 minutes of global ischemia followed by 120 minutes of reperfusion in the presence or absence of DEX before ischemia. Infarct size was measured, and eNOS phosphorylation was assessed by Western blotting. The presence and expression of the receptors were assessed by immunohistochemistry, real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting. RESULTS: In WKY, DEX significantly decreased infarct size and increased phosphorylated-eNOS/eNOS. These effects were counteracted by yohimbine (α2-AR antagonist) and efaroxan (α2-AR and I1R antagonist). In SHR, DEX significantly decreased infarct size, and the effect was counteracted by efaroxan but not yohimbine. DEX did not alter phosphorylated-eNOS/eNOS in SHR. α2-AR and I1R were observed in WKY and SHR hearts. Although alpha2A-AR and alpha2B-AR messenger RNA and protein levels were upregulated in SHR, I1R expression was comparable between the 2 species. CONCLUSIONS: In the hypertrophied heart, DEX maintains its direct cardioprotective effect against ischemia/reperfusion injury via I1R in an eNOS-nondependent manner despite upregulation of α2-AR.

DOI： 10.1213/ANE.0000000000002452

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier B.V.  

DOI： 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.017

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：OMICS Publishing Group  

DOI： 10.4172/2155-6148.1000820

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DOI： 10.1007/s00540-017-2417-0

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DOI： 10.1007/s00540-017-2419-y

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DOI： 10.1007/s00540-017-2413-4

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Lippincott Williams and Wilkins  

DOI： 10.1097/AAP.0000000000000649

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本臨床麻酔学会  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本心臓血管麻酔学会  

Ichushi

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DOI： 10.1007/s00540-017-2347-x

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：麻酔科学サマーセミナー事務局  

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STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether nasotracheal intubation using a fiberoptic bronchoscope reduces postoperative sore throat. DESIGN: Prospective, double-blinded, randomized, and controlled study. SETTING: Postoperative areas and surgical ward of a university hospital. PATIENTS: Seventy-four patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I-II who were scheduled for elective general anesthesia requiring nasotracheal intubation. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomized to one of two intubation groups, F (fiberoptic bronchoscope-guided) and M (Macintosh laryngoscope-guided), and after induction of general anesthesia, the patients' tracheas were intubated via the nose. MEASUREMENTS: The intensity of postoperative sore throat was evaluated using a numerical rating score (0=none, 10=severe) at 24 hours postoperatively, and the incidence of nasal mucosal trauma, time to completion of intubation, and hemodynamic responses were recorded and compared between groups. MAIN RESULTS: The numerical rating score value was significantly lower in group F than in group M (P=.0047), but the incidence of nasal mucosal trauma was comparable between the two groups. The median time to completion of intubation was shorter for group F than group M (P<.0001). Hemodynamic responses were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: Fiberoptic bronchoscope-guided intubation is associated with less sore throat after nasotracheal intubation than M intubation. The time to completion of intubation was significantly shorter using the fiberoptic bronchoscope than that using the Macintosh laryngoscope.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jclinane.2016.10.026

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Tokyo  

DOI： 10.1007/s10047-016-0922-9

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OBJECTIVE Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) are a critical indicator for monitoring motor function during neurological surgery. In this study, the influence of depth of anesthesia on MEP response was assessed. METHODS Twenty-eight patients with brain tumors who underwent awake craniotomy were included in this study. From a state of deep anesthesia until the awake state, MEP amplitude and latency were measured using 5-train electrical bipolar stimulations on the same site of the precentral gyrus each minute during the surgery. The depth of anesthesia was evaluated using the bispectral index (BIS). BIS levels were classified into 7 stages: < 40, and from 40 to 100 in groups of 10 each. MEP amplitude and latency of each stage were compared. The deviation of the MEP measurements, which was defined as a fluctuation from the average in every BIS stage, was also considered. RESULTS A total of 865 MEP waves in 28 cases were evaluated in this study. MEP amplitude was increased and latency was decreased in accordance with the increases in BIS level. The average MEP amplitudes in the > 90 BIS level was approximately 10 times higher than those in the < 40 BIS level. Furthermore, the average MEP latencies in the > 90 BIS level were 1.5-3.1 msec shorter than those in the < 60 BIS level. The deviation of measured MEP amplitudes in the > 90 BIS level was significantly stabilized in comparison with that in the < 60 BIS level. CONCLUSIONS MEP amplitude and latency were closely correlated with depth of anesthesia. In addition, the deviation in MEP amplitude was also correlated with depth of anesthesia, which was smaller during awake surgery (high BIS level) than during deep anesthesia. Therefore, MEP measurement would be more reliable in the awake state than under deep anesthesia.

DOI： 10.3171/2015.11.JNS151291

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INTRODUCTION: Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) can cause stress response that increases levels of cytokine and catecholamine in plasma, resulting in hyperglycemia. In adults, it has been demonstrated that remifentanil infusion during CPB could prevent increases of cytokine, catecholamine, and blood glucose levels, but such effects of remifentanil in children have not been elucidated. AIM: In this study, we investigated the preventive effects of remifentanil on blood glucose and lactate levels during CPB in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included children who underwent ventricular septal defect or atrial septal defect closure. Data for patients who did not receive, during CPB period, remifentanil infusion (non-Remi group) and patients who received remifentanil infusion at 0.5 μg/kg/min (Remi group) during CPB were used for analysis. Primary outcomes were lactate and blood glucose levels just before and after CPB. Data are presented as medians and interquartile ranges. Data were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U-test and Chi-square test. A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: During CPB, 13 and 11 patients were allocated into Remi and non-Remi groups, respectively. Pre-CPB lactate and blood glucose levels were not significantly different between the two groups, but post-CPB lactate and blood glucose levels in the Remi group were significantly lower than that in the non-Remi group. CONCLUSION: 0.5 μg/kg/min remifentanil infusion during CPB suppresses the increases of blood glucose and lactate levels in children.

DOI： 10.4103/0971-9784.197827

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DOI： 10.1097/MAT.0000000000000468

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Background: Glycosylation is one of the major posttranslational modifications of proteins and it is essential for proteins to obtain normal biological functions. Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDGs) are very rare genetic disorders that lack enzymes needed for glycosylation. Phosphomannomutase-2 (PMM2)-CDG is the most common type of CDG. CDGs can cause a wide variety of clinical symptoms in almost every organ system. Muscular hypotonia is often present in patients with CDGs and is one of the most notable problems for anesthetic management because the susceptibility to nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) in patients with CDGs is unknown. Case presentation: The patient was a 17-month-old boy who weighed 6.5 kg and was 71 cm tall. He presented for strabismus surgery. He had muscular hypotonia, mental retardation, hepatic dysfunction, mild cerebellar hypoplasia, and some dysmorphic features including inverted nipples and abnormal subcutaneous fat distribution of the hips. Gene analysis revealed a compound heterozygous mutation in the gene encoding PMM2 and the patient was diagnosed as having PMM2-CDG. General anesthesia was performed with sevoflurane, nitrous oxide, and rocuronium. Neuromuscular monitoring was performed during anesthesia using train-of-four (TOF)-Watch® (MSD, Japan). As postoperative analgesia, the surgeon performed sub-Tenon's anesthesia. We did not use any intravenous analgesic. After completion of the operation, residual rocuronium was competed by administration of sugammadex. The patient gained consciousness and spontaneous breathing was established shortly thereafter, and the trachea was smoothly extubated. He was transported to an inpatient ward and was discharged to his home the next day without any complication. Conclusions: We performed safe anesthetic management in a 17-month-old boy with PMM2-CDG using rocuronium under neuromuscular monitoring.A patient with PMM2-CDG may show nearly normal susceptibility to nondepolarizing NMBAs.

DOI： 10.1186/s40981-017-0080-y

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DOI： 10.1007/s00540-016-2230-1

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DOI： 10.1016/j.jclinane.2016.04.012

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BACKGROUND AND AIM: In reconstructive surgery for microtia during childhood, costal cartilage is used for pinna formation. Postoperative pain in the region from which the costal cartilage is taken is severe, which delays recovery after surgery. We evaluated prospectively whether continuous wound infiltration (CWI) of a local anesthetic (LA) reduces pain and enables rapid recovery compared with a single intercostal nerve block (ICNB). METHOD: Forty-eight patients were randomly divided into two groups. In Group I, a single ICNB with 10 ml of 0.75% ropivacaine was performed at the end of surgery. In Group C, a catheter was inserted into the space between the abdominal external oblique muscle and the rectus abdominis muscle. Then, a 0.4-ml/kg bolus of 0.2% ropivacaine was administered, followed by continuous infusion at 2-4 ml/h for 48 h. Postoperative pain intensity evaluated using the Face Scale, dose of supplemental analgesics, and time until mobilization were evaluated. In Group C, the plasma concentrations of ropivacaine were analyzed. RESULTS: The pain intensity at rest was significantly lower in Group C than in Group I, but the values during coughing were comparable. The number of patients receiving a supplemental analgesic and the median number of doses were significantly larger in Group I than in Group C (P = 0.029, P = 0.0007, respectively). The plasma concentrations of ropivacaine were within the safe range over 48 h. The times until mobilization were comparable. CONCLUSION: CWI of 0.2% ropivacaine is a better and safe technique for postoperative pain management after costal cartilage graft harvest in children.

DOI： 10.1016/j.bjps.2016.05.009

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本臨床麻酔学会  

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DOI： 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001522

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本心臓血管麻酔学会  

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DOI： 10.1177/1744806916665827

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：麻酔科学サマーセミナー事務局  

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A patient with Klippel-Feil syndrome had difficulties in inserting and placing an endotracheal tube under general anesthesia. Klippel-Feil syndrome, characterized by cervical vertebral fusion, scoliosis and endocardiosis, is a rare disease. Anesthesiologists should pay attention to management of anesthesia in airway troubles. A 53-year-old woman diagnosed with Klippel-Feil syndrome was scheduled for general anesthesia with intubation. We tried to insert an endotracheal tube using McGRATH MAC, but it was difficult to insert and place the tube. Finally, we managed to insert a 5.5 mm endotracheal tube. The three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) images after the operation, showed tracheal stenosis at the level of the fourth and fifth cervical vertebrae. In cases where airway difficulties are expected, evaluating 3D-CT images might be useful in airway management.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：真興交易(株)医書出版部  

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DOI： 10.1097/AAP.0000000000000349

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：真興交易(株)医書出版部  

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DOI： 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000949

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BACKGROUND: Ventricular arrhythmias induced by ischemic heart disease are the main cause of sudden cardiac death. Ischemia can cause life-threatening arrhythmias by modulating connexin 43 (Cx43), a principal cardiac gap junction channel protein. The present study investigates whether nitrite can attenuate ischemia-induced ventricular arrhythmias and dephosphorylation of Cx43 in a rat model. METHODS: Rats were medicated with normal saline (control, n = 10), nitrite (0.015, 0.15, and 1.5 mg/kg, n = 9 or 10 each), and 0.15 mg/kg nitrite with either the nitric oxide scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide, sodium salt (cPTIO; n = 9) or allopurinol (xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor, n = 9). We determined the severity of ventricular arrhythmias based on arrhythmia scores and levels of phosphorylated Cx43. RESULTS: The median arrhythmia score may have been lower in the group given 0.15 mg/kg nitrite (4 [interquartile range {IQR}, 4-5]) than that in the control group (7.5 [IQR, 5.25-8]; P = 0.013). There was no difference among the control, the given 0.015 mg/kg nitrite (7 [IQR, 5-8]), and 1.5 mg/kg nitrite (7 [IQR, 5.5-7.75]; P = 0.95). The arrhythmia scores in the cPTIO (6 [IQR, 5-8]; P = 0.030) and allopurinol (7 [IQR, 5-8]; P = 0.005) groups may have been higher than that in 0.15 mg/kg nitrite group. Immunoblotting revealed that the level of phosphorylated Cx43 in the group given 0.15 mg/kg nitrite, but not in the other treated groups, was significantly higher compared with the control group (P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Nitrite may have attenuated acute ischemia-induced ventricular arrhythmias and Cx43 dephosphorylation in rats. Nitric oxide, which might be generated by xanthine oxidoreductase via nitrite reduction, appears to play a crucial role in this antiarrhythmic effect.

DOI： 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001063

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BACKGROUND: Mixtures of various local anesthetics, such as lidocaine and ropivacaine, have been widely used. However, their efficacy and safety for scalp nerve blocks and local infiltration during awake craniotomy have not been fully elucidated. METHODS: We prospectively investigated 53 patients who underwent awake craniotomy. Scalp block was performed for the blockade of the supraorbital, supratrochlear, zygomaticotemporal, auriculotemporal, greater occipital, and lesser occipital nerves with a mixture containing equal volumes of 2% lidocaine and 0.75% ropivacaine, including 5 μg/mL of epinephrine. Infiltration anesthesia was applied at the site of skin incision using the same mixture. The study outcomes included changes in heart rate and blood pressure after head pinning and skin incision, and incidence of severe pain on emergence from anesthesia. Total doses and plasma concentrations of lidocaine and ropivacaine were measured at different time points after performing the block. RESULTS: The heart rate and blood pressure after head pinning were marginally, but significantly, increased when compared with baseline values. There were no significant differences in heart rate and blood pressure before and after the skin incision. Nineteen percent of the patients (10/53) complained of incisional pain at emergence from anesthesia. The highest observed blood concentrations of lidocaine and ropivacaine were 1.9±0.9 and 1.1±0.4 μg/mL, respectively. No acute anesthetic toxicity symptom was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Scalp block with a mixture of lidocaine and ropivacaine seems to provide effective and safe anesthetic management in patients undergoing awake craniotomy.

DOI： 10.1097/ANA.0000000000000149

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DOI： 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000277

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本集中治療医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Kokuseido Publishing Co. Ltd  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本心臓血管麻酔学会  

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DOI： 10.1111/anae.13082

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Lippincott Williams and Wilkins  

DOI： 10.1097/AAP.0000000000000288

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DOI： 10.1007/s00276-014-1411-6

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DOI： 10.1007/s00540-015-1979-y

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本小児麻酔学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本小児麻酔学会  

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DOI： 10.1007/s00540-014-1847-1

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To evaluate the current methods of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis from the viewpoint of pharmacokinetics for patients undergo urologic surgery, this study was designed to measure the serum concentrations of two different prophylactic antimicrobial agents in different types of urologic surgery. This prospective study included 39 patients with prostate cancer, renal pelvic cancer, ureteral cancer or renal cancer treated by radical surgery from August 2005 to March 2006. Blood samples were taken intraoperatively at 30 min and 180 min after the beginning of the first administration. The half-life of the beta phase of cefazolin is 2.46 h and that of piperacillin is 0.7 h according to their manufacturers. The average serum concentration of cefazolin at 30 min was 144 μg/mL in the prostatectomy group and 175 μg/mL in the nephrectomy group. At 180 min, the average concentration of cefazolin was 37 μg/mL in prostatectomy group and 59 μg/mL in the nephrectomy group. The average concentration of piperacillin at 30 min was 134 μg/mL in the prostatectomy group and 137 μg/mL in the nephrectomy group. At 180 min, the average concentration of piperacillin was 10 μg/mL in the prostatectomy group and 22 μg/mL in the nephrectomy group. Thus, the concentration at 180 min after the beginning of infusion was different according to the half-life of each antimicrobial agent. Therefore, up-to-date guidelines for surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis that deal with additional types of intraoperative prophylaxis should be consulted if the operation exceeds two half-lives of the prophylactic antimicrobial agents used in real-life clinical practice.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jiac.2015.03.001

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：真興交易(株)医書出版部  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Kokuseido Publishing Co. Ltd  

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DOI： 10.1007/s00540-014-1895-6

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Anti-coagulant management of cardiopulmonary bypass for the patient complicated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is difficult. A woman of late 50's with a previous history of HIT was scheduled for mitral valve replacement, tricuspid valvuloplasty and coronary artery bypass graft. We knew that heparin antibody was negative by serologic and functional assay before the operation. According to the HIT guideline, we planned to use heparin only during cardiopulmonary bypass and to use argatroban for other catheters. Although the platelet count continued decreasing up to the 5th postoperative day unless the transfusion of platelets, heparin antibody was negative on the first postoperative day. But, it was thought that HIT would develop from 5 days to 10 days after using heparin. Therefore, we had to examine heparin antibody on the 5th postoperative day at least for the patients with a history of HIT. In the future, it is important to observe the patient carefully and examine heparin antibody.

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Kokuseido Publishing Co. Ltd  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR CLINICAL ANESTHESIA  

In our questionnaire regarding the definition of respiratory depression (RD), there was little difference between the answers from anesthesiologists and nurses. When narcotic anesthetics are used for postoperative analgesia, we have to consider RD, that is, bradypnea. Previous reports suggested that the onset of bradypnea due to narcotic anesthetics might be faster than that of hypoxia. A noninvasive respiratory monitoring device using an adhesive sensor with an integrated acoustic transducer (RRa) positioned on the patient's throat (Rad-87 Pulse CO-Oximeter, Masimo Japan Co., Tokyo, Japan) has recently become available. We studied the accuracy of acoustic monitoring during general anesthesia in adult patients (>30 kg) and pediatric patients (<30 kg) using this device. Respiration rate determined by the acoustic monitor correlated well with that determined by a capnometer during general anesthesia in both adult and pediatric patients. Our study as well as previous studies suggests that using this reliable respiration rate monitor in an in-hospital setting might be essential for security and risk management.

Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2015205266

DOI： 10.2199/jjsca.35.250

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BACKGROUND: Target-controlled infusions (TCIs) of propofol are commonly used for general anaesthesia. The Marsh model pharmacokinetic parameter set incorporated in TCI devices for propofol could increase bias when used in obese patients. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the optimal predicted blood concentration (Cp) of 4.0 μg ml of propofol using a correction formula including BMI and to evaluate the influences on propofol concentration in obese patients. DESIGN: An open-label, comparative study. SETTING: Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Japan, from October 2011 to December 2013. PATIENTS: Seventy-five adults scheduled for elective surgery under general anaesthesia with the following exclusion criteria: less than 30 or more than 65 years of age; American Society of Anesthesiologists status 3 to 5; allergy to propofol; the daily use of psychoactive drugs; known or suspected drug or alcohol abuse; and cardiac, hepatic, renal or neurological impairment. INTERVENTION: Propofol was administered and maintained at a Cp of 4.0 μg ml using a TCI device programmed with the Marsh pharmacokinetic model. Arterial blood samples were collected at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min after the start of the infusion, and the measured propofol concentration (Cm) was determined. After calculation of the adjustment formula using the corrected Cp of 69 patients, we then applied the corrected Cp to five other obese patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The median performance error (MDPE) and median absolute performance error (MDAPE) were calculated to measure bias at each time point. RESULTS: We analysed 333 samples from the 69 individuals. There was a significant correlation between BMI and Cm, which tended be greater than 4.0 μg ml in obese patients. Our new method improved MDPE and MDAPE from a range of 20 to 40 for both, to ranges of -11.3 to -1.8 and 8.8 to 11.5, respectively. CONCLUSION: BMI influences blood propofol concentrations, leading to the possibility of overdosage of propofol in obese patients when the Marsh model is used to assess propofol concentration. Our new method using corrected Cp might improve this bias in obese, Japanese patients.

DOI： 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000154

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DOI： 10.1007/s00540-014-1793-y

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Chronic neuropathic pain causes abnormal sensitivities such as hyperalgesia and allodynia, and emotional abnormalities such as anxiety and depression. Although spinal cord microglia are involved in abnormal sensitivity to neuropathic pain, no previous studies have examined the mechanism of neuropathic pain-induced anxiety. Here, we examined the involvement of bone marrow (BM)-derived microglia aggregated in the amygdalae of mice with chronic neuropathic pain in the development of anxiety-like behavior. We prepared partial sciatic nerve ligations (PSNL) in mice that received bone marrow transplantation from green fluorescent protein (GFP)-Tg mice after irradiation with head protection, and examined GFP-positive microglia in the central nuclei of the amygdalae (CeA). On day 28 after PSNL, BM-derived microglia aggregated in the CeA concurrent with anxiety-like behavior. BM-derived microglia in the CeA highly expressed interleukin (IL)-1β and C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2). In addition, neurons in the CeA highly expressed monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), a ligand for CCR2, in PSNL-treated mice compared to sham-operated mice, suggesting that the MCP-1/CCR2 axis is involved in the recruitment of BM-derived microglia. Oral administration of a CCR2 antagonist decreased the number of BM-derived microglia in the CeA, and successfully reversed the anxiety-like behavior and hypersensitivity to mechanical stimuli in PSNL-treated mice. Microinjections of an IL-1β receptor antagonist directly into the CeA successfully reversed the anxiety-like behavior in the PSNL-treated mice even though the neuropathic pain persisted. These results suggest that the recruitment of BM-derived microglia to the CeA via the MCP-1/CCR2 axis and neuron-microglia interactions might be important in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain-induced anxiety.

DOI： 10.1016/j.pain.2014.05.031

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DOI： 10.1007/s00540-013-1773-7

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DOI： 10.1007/s00540-013-1751-0

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We hypothesised that an in-vivo adjustment method and/or a newer sensor would increase the accuracy of non-invasive and continuous haemoglobin monitoring (SpHb) measurements. Two sensors, the R1-25 and R2-25a (the newer version), were used with laboratory total haemoglobin concentration (tHb) values simultaneously recorded. In-vivo adjusted SpHb (AdHb) was calculated by a simple formula: AdHb = SpHb - (1(st) SpHb - 1(st) tHb). The correlation coefficients between SpHb (or AdHb) and tHb were compared: SpHb in both sensors correlated strongly with tHb (p < 0.0001). In-vivo adjustment improved the correlation coefficient between SpHb and tHb from 0.86 to 0.95 for the R1-25 and from 0.83 to 0.93 for the R2-25a. There was no difference between the R1-25 and R2-25a sensors. The in vivo adjustment method improved the accuracy of SpHb measurements in both sensors.

DOI： 10.1111/anae.12681

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DOI： 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000160

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DOI： 10.2174/1570180810666131113211447

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本Shock学会  

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DOI： 10.1016/j.jse.2013.11.022

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FcγRII and FcγRIII are low-affinity Fcγ receptors that are encoded by the FCGR2A and FCGR3A genes, respectively. These genes contain functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which alter the binding affinities of these receptors for the γ chain of the Fc fragment of immunoglobulin G. The known SNPs in FCGR2A and FCGR3A are rs1801274 (A>G; H131R) and rs396991 (T>G; F158V), respectively. It is also known that there are copy number variations (CNVs) in the genetic locus (1q23) where FCGR2A and FCGR3A are located. However, the frequencies of these SNPs and CNVs have not been determined in the Japanese population. The aim of this study was to investigate SNPs and CNVs in FCGR2A and FCGR3A among 113 healthy individuals. The SNPs and CNVs in FCGR2A and FCGR3A were determined using the TaqMan® SNP Genotyping and the TaqMan® Copy Number assays. Our results revealed that the incidence of FCGR2A (rs1801274) genotypes were as follows: A/A, 69.9%; A/G, 29.2%; and G/G, 0.9%. The incidence of the FCGR3A (rs396991) genotypes were as follows: T/T, 56.7%; T/G, 38.9%; and G/G, 4.4%). No CNVs were detected for FCGR2A. To the best of our knowledge, this finding has not been previously reported in the Japanese population. By contrast, CNVs were observed in FCGR3A (3 subjects were found to harbour a gene deletion and 5 subjects had 3 copies of the gene). Using simple commercially available assays we were able to confirm previous findings regarding FCGR2A and FCGR3A alleles and CNVs. These assays may provide a basis for the investigation of the role of these genes in the efficacy of antibody-based drugs, such as trastuzumab and rituximab, in Japanese subjects.

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DOI： 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.05.003

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：W.B. Saunders  

DOI： 10.1053/j.jvca.2012.11.006

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Spandidos Publications  

DOI： 10.3892/ol.2014.2046

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer-Verlag Tokyo  

DOI： 10.1007/s10047-013-0742-0

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31-year-old female with hypersensitivity to local anesthetics and neuromuscular blocking agents presented for emergency Cesarean section. We successfully performed I-gel-assisted tracheal intubation without using neuromuscular blockers. We believe this method would be helpful in selected situations.

DOI： 10.1155/2014/245752

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本蘇生学会  

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In cases of facial burns caused by molten asphalt, examination for possible airway burns and early removal of the asphalt should be carried out to prevent chemical-induced tissue damage and infection. However, asphalt that has adhered to tissues is difficult to remove. A 35-year-old male with burns caused by molten asphalt was scheduled for emergency debridement. He had 6% body surface area burns on his face and neck. He was not able to open his eyes due to the adherence of asphalt. His respiratory condition was stable and a perioperative fiberoptic view revealed no airway burns. After awake intubation, orange peel oil was used to remove the asphalt from his face and eyes. Since orange peel oil does not contain any harmful substances, it is effective for removing asphalt without causing tissue damage.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本臨床麻酔学会  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本臨床麻酔学会  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本心臓血管麻酔学会  

Ichushi

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DOI： 10.1007/s00540-012-1536-x

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A 60-year-old woman declared brain dead was scheduled for organ donation. We continuously measured total hemoglobin values (SpHb) using a Radical-7 monitor (Masimo Co, Irvine, CA, USA) to maintain the functions of organs and oxygen delivery. At the start of surgery, the SpHb value was 9.3 g x dl(-1). Packed red blood cells were transfused immediately No anesthetics or opioids were used during the operation. Blood pressure suddenly decreased to below 80 mmHg because of bleeding, manipulation of organs, and/or compression of the vena cava. Six units of red blood cells and 900 ml of colloids were rapidly transfused with real-time monitoring of SpHb values. On cross-clamping of the aorta, the SpHb value increased up to 10.2 g x dl(-1). The heart, lungs, liver, pancreas, and kidneys were donated from the patient without organ dysfunction. The highlight of this case report is that anesthesiologists could use SpHb monitoring for management of hemodynamics in a brain-dead organ donor.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：克誠堂出版(株)  

Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2013&ichushi_jid=J01397&link_issn=&doc_id=20130611240012&doc_link_id=40019700501&url=http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F40019700501&type=CiNii&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00003_1.gif

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：克誠堂出版(株)  

Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2013&ichushi_jid=J01397&link_issn=&doc_id=20130301170006&doc_link_id=40019601632&url=http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F40019601632&type=CiNii&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00003_1.gif

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Much progress has been made in omics research following completion of the Human Genome Project. This comprehensive analysis produced a new discipline (i.e., bioinformatics), and its findings contributed to the clinical practice of anesthesiology. Genomes of patients show genetic variations and may predict the sensitivity to anesthetics and analgesics, incidence of adverse effects, and intensity of postsurgical pain. Changes in the transcriptomes of patients may also reflect anesthesia-related expression profiles of various types of neurons in the brain, and information on such changes may contribute to molecular targeted therapy in anesthetized patients. In addition, novel epigenome research may explain why environments change the phenotypes of clinical anesthesia. We currently hypothesize that female gender is associated with DNA methylation in pain-related and vomiting-related gene promoter regions at the genome-wide level and that epigenetic mechanisms are involved in gender differences in anesthesia practice.

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

A 5-year-old girl with metatropic dysplasia was scheduled for an operation of posterior cervical fusion. This disease is a rare skeletal dysplasia characterized by long trunk and short limbs and severe scoliosis. As she had been suspected to have a difficult airway, we attempted fiberoptic intubation with a nasopharyngeal airway to prevent airway obstruction. The nasopharyngeal airway ensured a patent airway sufficient oxygenation, and anesthesia. Thus, it was possible to perform a fiberoptic intubation via the opposite nostril with no adverse event. The combination of a nasopharyngeal airway and fiberoptic guided tracheal intubation is a reliable and safe procedure for small children with metatropic dysplasia and difficult airway.

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DOI： 10.1016/j.neures.2012.11.002

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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Previous studies using isolated mitochondria have provided new insight into the mechanisms and interventions for ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. In in vitro experiments involving isolated mitochondria, hypoxia and reoxygenation (H/R) has been widely used to mimic I/R injury. However, in in vitro H/R mitochondrial experiments, the effects of various substrates on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation are unclear. In the present study, the effects of in vitro I/R injury on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation under different substrate conditions were investigated. METHODS: Hypoxia was achieved following complete consumption of oxygen by mitochondria isolated from rat heart tissue in an experimental chamber. The H/R protocol involved 30 min hypoxia followed by 15 min reoxygenation in a chamber opened to the atmosphere. Mitochondrial respiration and respiratory control ratio (RCR) were measured. RESULTS: When pyruvate/malate were used as substrates, H/R significantly decreased state 3 respiration (28.2±12 nmol O2/min/mg protein) and RCR (2.7±0.8) compared with the control (121.4±32.5 nmol O2/mg protein/min and 7.8±1.2, respectively). In contrast, when succinate was used without rotenone, H/R significantly increased state 3 respiration (57.0±11.2 nmol O2/mg protein/min) and RCR (2.0±0.3) compared with the control (48.2±12.3 nmol O2/mg protein/min and 1.3±0.2, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated that mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation can be modulated by H/R in vitro depending on substrate conditions.

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DOI： 10.1089/gtmb.2012.0402

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DOI： 10.1007/s00540-012-1431-5

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Pain Clinicians  

Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2013162166

DOI： 10.11321/jjspc.12-0016

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DOI： 10.1007/s00540-012-1401-y

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DOI： 10.1016/j.ajem.2011.06.013

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Pain Clinicians  

We compared the utility of predicting the skin-epidural space distance by using various imaging modalities. Subjects comprised patients meeting the indications for lumbar epidural block who had undergone magnetic resonance imaging, radiography and computed tomography for primary disease. Skin-epidural space distances from these modalities were estimated using computed calculating functions of the imaging system. Immediately after the use of ultrasonography to estimate the distance between the skin and dura mater in short-axis and longitudinal views in the lateral position, epidural puncture was performed using a median approach. Puncture distance between the skin and epidural space was recorded. Skin-epidural space distance as estimated by each modality correlated significantly with puncture distance (p<0.001), body weight (p<0.01) and body mass index (p<0.001). In particular, ultrasound imaging showed the highest correlation to puncture distance (r=0.96, p<0.001). In conclusion, ultrasound imaging can predict skin-epidural distance with high correlation to the actual puncture distance, and it could allow adequate and safe epidural block.

Other Link： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JALC/10005810054?from=CiNii

DOI： 10.11321/jjspc.11-0009

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BACKGROUND: Opioid sensitivity varies among individuals. Although opioids can act partly in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), which has a major role in pain perception, individual differences in the functions of the RVM in response to opioids have not been elucidated. Pain-related behavior among inbred mouse strains may reflect individual differences in sensitivity to pain. We therefore investigated the changes in action potentials of RVM neurons in response to opioid in different mouse strains. METHODS: Two inbred strains of mice (A/J and CBA/J) were used. Their behavior to noxious stimuli was measured after intracerebroventricular injection of the μ-opioid receptor agonist, DAMGO. Using an in vivo extracellular recording technique, action potentials from single RVM neurons and their functional type (ON-like, OFF-like, or NEUTRAL-like cell) were identified. Evoked responses of the RVM neurons to noxious stimuli were recorded before and after DAMGO administration. RESULTS: The behavioral study showed that the dose-dependent antinociceptive effect in the A/J strain was significantly stronger than in the CBA/J strain. The electrophysiological study showed that the number of inhibitory OFF-like cells in A/J mice was significantly larger than in CBA/J mice (P<0.01), and that the evoked responses of neurons of A/J mice were inhibited significantly more than in CBA/J mice both for ON-like and OFF-like cells (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The strain differences in the physiological properties of RVM neurons corresponded to the behavioral strain differences. Genetic differences may contribute to the interindividual variation seen in opioid-induced analgesia.

DOI： 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.04.038

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DOI： 10.1007/s00540-011-1279-0

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：克誠堂出版(株)  

Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2012&ichushi_jid=J01397&link_issn=&doc_id=20120413220002&doc_link_id=40019256093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F40019256093&type=CiNii&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00003_1.gif

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society for Palliative Medicine  

<b>Purpose</b>: Head and neck cancer patients receiving chemoradiation therapy often suffer from severe mucositis. Chemoradiation therapy-induced mucositis is usually accompanied by severe and intractable pain that impairs quality of life. To establish an effective method for treatment of mucositis pain, we retrospectively investigated the relationships of radiation dose with severity of mucositis and opioid consumption. We also conducted a survey on satisfaction of pain treatment. <b>Methods</b>: Study 1: Fourteen patients who underwent chemoradiation therapy of 70 Gy for head and neck cancer from 2005 to 2009 participated in the study. The relationship of severity of mucositis with opioid use was studied. Study 2: Seven patients who had mucositis of over grade 3 and had completed radiation therapy participated in the study. We carried out a questionnaire survey about satisfaction of each pain treatment. <b>Results</b>: Study 1: Increase of radiation dose significantly worsened the severity of mucositis. Opioid consumption for treating pain was significantly greater in the pharynx cancer group than in the oral cancer group. Study 2: Oral care treatment was preferred to systemic administration of analgesics including opioids. <b>Conclusions</b>: In the oral cancer group, oral care treatment was thought to be useful for pain treatment. Oral cancer patients needed less opioids than did pharynx cancer patients.

Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2013205703

DOI： 10.2512/jspm.7.408

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本臨床麻酔学会  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本臨床麻酔学会  

Ichushi

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DOI： 10.1097/EJA.0b013e3283463f4a

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：医学図書出版(株)  

Ichushi

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DOI： 10.1007/s00540-010-1038-7

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Lumbar epidural anaesthesia usually affects both legs. The aim was to compare the success rates of ultrasound-aided vs. classical midline epidural catheter insertion for ipsilateral-dominant blocks and analgesia in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty. METHODS: The protocol was designed as a prospective randomised single-blind study. In the ultrasound group (n = 12), ultrasound examination was performed to determine the puncture point and direction for ipsilateral-dominant block. In the midline group (n = 12), epidural puncture was performed by the usual midline approach. Rates of successful ipsilateral-dominant block using 6 ml of lidocaine 1.5% wt vol⁻¹ (primary outcome) and effects of patient-controlled epidural analgesia using ropivacaine 0.2% wt vol⁻¹ (secondary outcomes) were evaluated. RESULTS: The rates of successful ipsilateral-dominant block were 83% in the ultrasound group and 17% in the midline group (P = 0.004). Sensory and motor functions on the non-operated side in the ultrasound group were significantly better maintained than those on the operated side and compared with those on the non-operated side in the midline group (P < 0.05). Pain scores at mobilisation, incidence of post-operative nausea and vomiting and frequency of use of supplemental analgesics were significantly lower in the ultrasound group than in the midline group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The use of ultrasound significantly improves the success rate of ipsilateral epidural block compared with the standard midline approach.

DOI： 10.1097/EJA.0b013e3283423457

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DOI： 10.1007/s00540-010-1060-9

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DOI： 10.1007/s00540-010-1049-4

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DOI： 10.1007/s00540-010-1061-8

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DOI： 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.11.046

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DOI： 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01170.x

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DOI： 10.1007/s00540-010-0975-5

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本心臓血管麻酔学会  

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DOI： 10.1007/s00540-009-0813-9

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DOI： 10.1097/EJA.0b013e32832a0be3

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DOI： 10.1093/bja/aep041

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DOI： 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2008.05759.x

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DOI： 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2008.01.002

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR CLINICAL ANESTHESIA  

Cardiac/aortic surgery can dramatically change physiological parameters such as respiration, circulation, body temperature, and electrolyte level. Although the surgery <i>per se</i> is invasive, fast-track anesthesia, which could lead to benefits for patients, is needed. Rocuronium has a rapid onset, and thus it would be useful to prevent opioid-induced muscle rigidity. Because the main metabolite of rocuronium has few muscle-relaxant effects, unexpected prolonged muscle relaxation is rare after surgery. Rocuronium is, therefore, expected to be safe and useful in cardiac/aortic surgery as well as other kinds of surgery. It is needless to say that we should pay attention to the potency of rocuronium during cardiac/aortic surgery, because the potency and the metabolism of it can be changed by hypothermia, hemodilution, and electrolyte abnormalities, as well as by complicated organ failure.

Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2008337185

DOI： 10.2199/jjsca.28.852

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DOI： 10.1017/S0265021507002591

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DOI： 10.1093/bja/aem296

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DOI： 10.1213/01.ane.0000289639.87836.79

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DOI： 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2006.06.006

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DOI： 10.1007/s00540-007-0532-z

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DOI： 10.1213/01.ANE.0000154191.86608AC

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR CLINICAL ANESTHESIA  

DOI： 10.2199/jjsca.17.502

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DOI： 10.1007/BF02482078

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer-Verlag  

DOI： 10.1007/BF02482048

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The incidence of perianesthetic airway/respiratory complications was evaluated in 58 pediatric patients with specific congenital diseases such as inborn errors. Twenty-one cases (36.2%) were complicated with airway/respiratory troubles: difficult intubation and difficult airway support. Most of the troubles (65.4%) occurred during the induction of the anesthesia. The complications did not correlate with sex, age or anesthetic method. The more times the patients were anesthetized, the more they had complications.<br>For pediatric cases with specific congenital disease, particularly those which require repeated anesthesia, it is important to be very alert for airway troubles.

DOI： 10.2199/jjsca.14.322

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DOI： 10.1007/s0054030070496

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR CLINICAL ANESTHESIA  

We report three cases of complications following the administration of flumazenil in order to antagonize the effect of midazolam used pre- or intra-operatively. <Case 1>: A 25-year-old woman showed hyperventilation syndrome after operation on her hand under axillary block and midazolam sedation. <Case 2>: A 66-year-old man with a history of tonic and clonic convulsions due to traffic accident showed tonic convulsion after an operation on his hand under general anesthesia. <Case 3>: A 11-year-old girl with Down's syndrome who had myoclonus epilepsy during infancy showed myoclonus epilepsy after an examination of her hip joints under general anesthesia. We recommend that flumazenil be administered after careful consideration of the patient's background. Flumazenil should be avoided with patients who have histories of convulsions or epilepsy.

DOI： 10.2199/jjsca.13.589

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR CLINICAL ANESTHESIA  

Cardiac arrests, excluding those associated with cardiac surgery, occurred in 29 (0.087%) of 33, 194 non-cardiac surgery cases out of 36, 159 patients who had general, spinal and/or epidural anesthesia in our hospital during the ten years from 1981 to 1990. Twenty-five of them were successfully resuscitated without any complications, while the remaining four patients died. The causes of cardiac arrest in the 29 patients were as follows: possible coronary artery spasm due to preoperative unstable angina in two;preoperative hypovolemia in three; massive bleeding in nine; anaphylactic shock in six; intravenous injection of epinephrine in two; hypotension due to deep anesthesia in two; hypoventilation in one; and unknown causes in four.<br>During anesthesia and surgery, we must comstantly be on the lookout for the first signs of cardiac arrest and treat in the early phase. Anesthetists should always use adequate instrumentation, such as pulse oximeter and capnometer, for the management of anesthesia.

DOI： 10.2199/jjsca.13.131

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We reported on 12 cases that underwent the operations for the resection of cardiac tumor from 1981 to 1991. There were 8 cases with left atrial tumor, 2 cases with right atrial one, 1 case with right ventricular one, and 1 case with left ventricular one.<br>Perioperative complications were severe hypotension due to disturbance of blood flow (3 cases) and heart blook (7 cases). We coped with disturbance of blood flow by changing the patient's position (2 cases) and administration of catecholamine (1 case), and heart blook by using transient (5 cases) and permanent (2 cases) pacemaker for sick sinus syndrome.

DOI： 10.2199/jjsca.12.787

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Effects of age on the spread of neural blockade and pharmacokinetics in lumbar epidural analgesia using 10ml of 2% lidocaine were studied. Patients were divided into two groups; a young group (under 60 yr old) and an old group (over 60 yr old).<br>There was a significant correlation between the spinal segment number of analgesia and age (r=0.69, p<0.05). Peak plasma concentration of lidocaine in the old group was significantly higher than that in the young group (p<0.01). In order to investigate the difference of plasma concentration between the two groups, these results were applied to a one-compartment model. Consequently, it was revealed that the absorption rate constant per segment in the old group was higher than that in the young group.<br>It is important to be aware of the toxicity of local anesthetics when epidural anesthe-sia is performed in older patients.

DOI： 10.2199/jjsca.11.466

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DOI： 10.1007/s00540-017-2382-7

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