Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Prostate cancer cells include a small population of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs)/cancer-initiating cells (CICs) that have roles in initiation and progression of the cancer. Recently, we isolated prostate CSCs/CICs as aldehyde dehydrogenase 1-highh (ALDH1(high) ) cells using the ALDEFLUOR assay; however, the molecular mechanisms of prostate CSCs/CICs are still elusive. Prostate CSCs/CICs were isolated as ALDH1(high) cells using the ALDEFLUOR assay, and the gene expression profiles were analyzed using a cDNA microarray and RT-PCR. We found that prostate CSCs/CICs expressed higher levels of growth factors including hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Hepatocyte growth factor protein expression was confirmed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting. On the other hand, c-MET HGF receptor was expressed in both CSCs/CICs and non-CSCs/CICs at similar levels. Hepatocyte growth factor and the supernatant of myofibloblasts derived from the prostate augmented prostasphere formation in vitro, and prostasphere formation was inhibited by an anti-HGF antibody. Furthermore, c-MET gene knockdown by siRNA inhibited the prostasphere-forming ability in vitro and tumor-initiating ability in vivo. Taken together, the results indicate that HGF secreted by prostate CSCs/CICs and prostate myofibroblasts has a role in the maintenance of prostate CSCs/CICs in an autocrine and paracrine fashion.

DOI： 10.1111/cas.12104

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

PURPOSE: Prostate cancer cells include a small population of cancer stem-like/cancer initiating cells, which have roles in cancer initiation and progression. Recently aldehyde dehydrogenase activity was used to isolate stem cells of various cancer and normal cells. We evaluated the aldehyde dehydrogenase activity of the human prostate cancer cell line 22Rv1 (ATCC®) with the ALDEFLUOR® assay and determined its potency as prostate cancer stem-like/cancer initiating cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The human prostate cancer cell line 22Rv1 was labeled with ALDEFLUOR reagent and analyzed by flow cytometry. ALDH1(high) and ALDH1(low) cells were isolated and tumorigenicity was evaluated by xenograft transplantation into NOD/SCID mice. Tumor sphere forming ability was evaluated by culturing in a floating condition. Invasion capability was evaluated by the Matrigel™ invasion assay. Gene expression profiling was assessed by microarrays and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: ALDH1(high) cells were detected in 6.8% of 22Rv1 cells, which showed significantly higher tumorigenicity than ALDH1(low) cells in NOD/SCID mice (p < 0.05). Gene expression profiling revealed higher expression of the stem cell related genes PROM1 and NKX3-1 in ALDH1(high) cells than in ALDH1(low) cells. ALDH1(high) cells also showed higher invasive capability and sphere forming capability than ALDH1(low) cells. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that cancer stem-like/cancer initiating cells are enriched in the ALDH1(high) population of the prostate cancer cell line 22Rv1. This approach may provide a breakthrough to further clarify prostate cancer stem-like/cancer initiating cells. To our knowledge this is the first report of cancer stem-like/cancer initiating cells of 22Rv1 using the aldehyde dehydrogenase activity assay.

DOI： 10.1016/j.juro.2012.02.2555

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DOI： 10.3390/curroncol32070391

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DOI： 10.1111/iju.15587

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are used in cancer immunotherapy to block programmed death-1 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4, but the response rate for ICIs is still low and tumor cell heterogeneity is considered to be responsible for resistance to immunotherapy. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have an essential role in the anti-tumor effect of cancer immunotherapy; however, the specificity of TILs in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is elusive. In this study, we analyzed a 58-year-old case with clear cell RCC (ccRCC) with the tumor showing macroscopic and microscopic heterogeneity. The tumor was composed of low-grade and high-grade ccRCC. A tumor cell line (1226 RCC cells) and TILs were isolated from the high-grade ccRCC lesion, and a TIL clone recognized a novel neoantigen peptide (YVVPGSPCL) encoded by a missense mutation of the tensin 1 (TNS1) gene in a human leukocyte antigen-C*03:03-restricted fashion. The TNS1 gene mutation was not detected in the low-grade ccRCC lesion and the TIL clone did not recognized low-grade ccRCC cells. The missense mutation of TNS1 encoding the S1309Y mutation was found to be related to cell migration by gene over-expression. These findings suggest that macroscopically and microscopically heterogenous tumors might show heterogenous gene mutations and reactivity to TILs.

DOI： 10.1007/s00262-021-03048-6

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and prostate cancer is still under investigation, and the relationship between hyperinsulinemia and prostate cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) is elusive. Here, we investigated the function of insulin/AKT signaling in prostate CSCs. We isolated prostate CSCs as aldehyde dehydrogenase 1-high (ALDH1high) cells from the human prostate cancer 22Rv1 cell line using an ALDEFLUOR assay and established several ALDH1high and ALDH1low clones. ALDH1high clones showed high ALDH1 expression which is a putative CSC marker; however, they showed heterogeneity regarding tumorigenicity and resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. Interestingly, all ALDH1high clones showed lower phosphorylated AKT (Ser473) (pAKT) levels than the ALDH1low clones. PI3K/AKT signaling is a key cell survival pathway and we analyzed radiation resistance under AKT signaling activation by insulin. Insulin increased pAKT levels in ALDH1high and ALDH1low cells; the fold increase rate of pAKT was higher in ALDH1high cells than in ALDH1low cells. Insulin induced resistance to radiation and chemotherapy in ALDH1high cells, and the increased levels of pAKT induced by insulin were significantly related to radiation resistance. These results suggest that ALDH1 suppresses baseline pAKT levels, but AKT can be activated by insulin, leading to treatment resistance.

DOI： 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.12.095

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本泌尿器科学会総会事務局  

Ichushi

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Previously, we investigated gene expression in a high aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 expression (ALDH1high) population of urothelial carcinoma (UC) cells as UC cancer stem-like cells (CSCs)/cancer-initiating cells (CICs) and found that NRG1 expression was upregulated in ALDH1high cells. NRG1 is a trophic factor that contains an epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain that signals by stimulating ERBB receptor tyrosine kinases and the cytoplasmic domain. NRG1 has been determined to be involved in frequent gene fusions with other partners in several malignancies and has a role in carcinogenesis through the NRG1 EGF-like domain and its cognitive receptor ERBBs. We thus aimed to elucidate the function of NRG1 in UC CSCs/CICs in this study. Both NRG1α and NRG1-β1 were preferentially expressed in ALDH1high cells compared with ALDH1low cells; however, siRNA experiments revealed that NRG1-β1 but not NRG1-α has a role in sphere formation. The EGF-like domain of NRG1 had a role in sphere formation of UC cells to some extent but was not essential. The intracellular domain of NRG1 did not have a role in sphere-formation. Inhibition of γ-secretase suppressed sphere formation. These findings indicate that cleavage of NRG1-β1 by γ-secretase plays an important role in UC CSC/CIC proliferation; however, the downstream targets of NRG1-β1 remain elusive.

DOI： 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.038

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Gender equality is one of the most important issues in the promotion of diversity. The participation status of female urologists in academic activities has not been clarified. In the present study, we analyzed a total of 10,288 articles published by 58,914 authors in Acta Urologica Japonica since the first issue in 1955 to the present. The author's gender was determined by an application program interface for gender estimation in combination with independent manual confirmation by two researchers. The increasing rate (⊿person/⊿year) of female authors was as low as 0.067 in 1955-79, but increased to 0.400 in 1980-2000 and 0.814 in 2001-20. Over the time periods, the annual total numbers of female authors (person/year) showed an increasing trend from 3.2 in 1955-79 to 16.3 in 1980-2000 and 26.0 in 2001-20. The numbers of female author individuals, the ratio of female authors to all authors and the ratio of publications by female first author to all publications also showed similar trends. These results suggest that gender equality is becoming more prevalent in the academic field of urology. The methods and data of this study are considered to be useful for the promotion of gender equality in the academic field of urology for the future.

DOI： 10.14989/ActaUrolJap_67_4_125

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

A 53-year-old man was diagnosed with prostate cancer with multiple bone metastasis. Therefore androgen deprivation therapy was initiated. After treatment with denosumab injection for bone metastasis, hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia occurred. Despite treatment for hypocalcemia with vitamin D and calcium lactate,his serum calcium and phosphate levels were refractory to treatment. The etiology of hypophosphatemia was investigated,and the level of serum fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) was abnormally elevated. Three months after the first measurement of FGF23,the patient died of prostate cancer. Severe hypophosphatemia is a typical manifestation of tumor-induced hypophosphatemic osteomalacia (TIO),which is a paraneoplastic condition, mediated by FGF23 overexpression in most cases. His osteoblastic metastasis,however,did not meet the disease criteria of osteomalacia. Several reports have suggested that excessive FGF23 may mediate both severe hypophosphatemia and aggressive castrationresistant prostate cancer characteristics. Management of serum FGF23 may be a novel therapeutic strategy for castration-resistant prostate cancer with hypophosphatemia.

DOI： 10.14989/ActaUrolJap_67_1_47

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs)/cancer-initiating cells (CICs) are small sub-population of cancer cells that are endowed with higher tumor-initiating ability, self-renewal ability and differentiation ability. CSCs/CICs could be isolated as high aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 activity cells (ALDH1high) from various cancer samples. In this study, we isolated urothelial carcinoma CSCs/CICs as ALDHhigh cells and investigated the molecular aspects. ALDH1high cells showed greater sphere-forming ability and higher tumor-initiating ability in immune-deficient mice than those of ALDH1low cells, indicating that CSCs/CICs were enriched in ALDH1high cells. cDNA microarray analysis revealed that an ionotropic glutamate receptor glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 2 (GRIK2) was expressed in ALDH1high cells at a higher level than that in ALDH1low cells. GRIK2 gene knockdown by siRNAs decreased the sphere-forming ability and invasion ability, whereas GRIK2 overexpression increased the sphere-forming ability, invasion ability and tumorigenicity, indicating that GRIK2 has a role in the maintenance of CSCs/CICs. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that higher levels of GRIK2 and ALDH1 expression were related to poorer prognosis in urinary tract carcinoma cases. The findings indicate that GRIK2 has a role in the maintenance of urothelial CSCs/CICs and that GRIK2 and ALDH1 can be prognosis prediction markers for urinary tract carcinomas.

DOI： 10.18632/oncotarget.16259

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the additional benefit of 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging for neurovascular bundle preservation in radical prostatectomy. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated patients who underwent 3 T magnetic resonance imaging followed by radical prostatectomy from April 2010 through February 2014 in our university. A total of 50 patients (100 prostate sides) were included in the study. The algorithm previously we described and magnetic resonance imaging findings were considered for the decision on neurovascular bundle preservation. A tumor adjacent to the neurovascular bundle or with extracapsular extension of a posterolateral lesion of the prostate on magnetic resonance imaging was considered a contraindication for nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy. Two experienced radiologists evaluated the magnetic resonance imaging findings. Patients who received neoadjuvant hormonal therapy were excluded. All patients underwent ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy with at least 10 cores. RESULTS: Overall, 60 of the 100 neurovascular bundles were preserved according to an algorithm that consisted of the clinical stage, prostate specific antigen, Gleason score and a positive biopsy core in the apex of the prostate. Considering magnetic resonance imaging findings together with the algorithm, six neurovascular bundles were not preserved. The accuracy of predicting a positive surgical margin only by the algorithm was 56 of 60 neurovascular bundle (93.3%). When adding magnetic resonance imaging, the accuracy was 50 of 54 neurovascular bundle (92.3%). CONCLUSIONS: 3 T magnetic resonance imaging provided no additional benefit to our algorithm for neurovascular bundle preservation.

DOI： 10.1093/jjco/hyw121

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本泌尿器科学会総会事務局  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本泌尿器科学会  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本泌尿器科学会総会事務局  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本泌尿器科学会総会事務局  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis shows that tumors contain a reservoir of self-renewing cells that maintain the tumor. Such cancer cells were first identified in leukemia in the 1990s. These cells appear to be resistant to various therapies and can survive to repopulate the tumor. Therefore, this concept has important therapeutic implications for recurrence and metastasis. In this review, we introduce the CSC hypothesis and the origin, method of identification and functions of prostate CSCs. In addition, we review the therapeutic challenges of targeting prostate CSCs.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)日本臨床社  

Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2014&ichushi_jid=J01205&link_issn=&doc_id=20141126160026&doc_link_id=40020271103&url=http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F40020271103&type=CiNii&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00003_1.gif

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本泌尿器科学会総会事務局  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：医学図書出版(株)  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：医学図書出版(株)  

Ichushi

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Wiley  

DOI： 10.1111/cas.12113

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本病理学会  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本泌尿器科学会  

Ichushi

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：1  

DOI： 10.1038/modpathol.2012.139

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1007/s00428-012-1343-7

PubMed

Web of Science

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DOI： 10.1155/2013/262967

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：医学図書出版(株)  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：医学図書出版(株)  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：医学図書出版(株)  

Ichushi

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Language：English   Publisher：日本癌学会  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本泌尿器科学会  

Ichushi

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

OBJECTIVES: The diagnostic value of 3.0-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for prostate cancer remains to be determined. The aim of the present study was to assess the features of prostate cancer detectable by prebiopsy 3.0-Tesla MRI. METHODS: From January 2007 through to December 2008, 116 patients who were examined by prebiopsy 3.0-Tesla MRI underwent radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer. Prostate specimens were examined to see whether the largest cancer area was the same as the area indicated on the MRI. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify variables predictive of agreement between MRI and histopathological findings. RESULTS: Sixty-six (56.9%) patients were suspected of having prostate cancer on the basis of MRI findings. In 49 of these patients (74.2%), it was considered that there was agreement between the abnormal area on the MRI and the index tumor. Univariate analysis revealed that there were significant differences in abnormal digital rectal examination, capsular penetration, the diameter of the index tumor of the radical prostatectomy specimen, and the Gleason scores of the biopsy and radical prostatectomy specimens. Multivariate analysis revealed that the Gleason score of the radical prostatectomy specimen was associated with the accurate detection of the prostate cancer by MRI (P = 0.0177). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, 3.0-Tesla MRI tends to accurately diagnose prostate cancer with high tumor burden and aggressiveness. Multimodal examination (T2-weighted imaging, dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging, and diffusion-weighted imaging) is recommended for the diagnosis of prostate cancer using 3.0-Tesla MRI.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2011.02814.x

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Language：English   Publisher：日本癌学会  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本泌尿器内視鏡学会  

Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2011&ichushi_jid=J05817&link_issn=&doc_id=20111024220020&doc_link_id=%2Fcs5jjend%2F2011%2F002402%2F023%2F0289-0295%26dl%3D0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalonline.jp%2Fjamas.php%3FGoodsID%3D%2Fcs5jjend%2F2011%2F002402%2F023%2F0289-0295%26dl%3D0&type=MedicalOnline&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00004_2.gif

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：医学図書出版(株)  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本泌尿器内視鏡学会  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本泌尿器内視鏡学会  

Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2010&ichushi_jid=J04699&link_issn=&doc_id=20100513280019&doc_link_id=%2Fcs5eswle%2F2010%2F002301%2F022%2F0112-0115%26dl%3D0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalonline.jp%2Fjamas.php%3FGoodsID%3D%2Fcs5eswle%2F2010%2F002301%2F022%2F0112-0115%26dl%3D0&type=MedicalOnline&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00004_2.gif

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：泌尿器科紀要刊行会  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本泌尿器科学会  

DOI： 10.5980/jpnjurol.101.270_1

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本泌尿器内視鏡学会  

Ichushi

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the clinical parameters correlated with early recovery of urinary continence after radical prostatectomy, focusing especially on urethral mobility during voiding at catheter removal. METHODS: At the time of catheter removal, a voiding cystourethrography was performed in 58 men (median age 69 years, range 55-76) who had undergone radical prostatectomy. The vertical length of urethral movement between voiding and standstill was measured.The correlation between continence status and various clinical parameters, including age, prostate volume, International Prostate Symptom Score, quality of life score and the length of urethral movement was analyzed. RESULTS: An inverse correlation was observed between length of urethral movement and urinary incontinence volume rate (defined as [leakage volume/daily total urine volume] x 100%) on day 7 after catheter removal (r = -0.388, P < 0.05). Classifying patients into two groups according to the length of urethral movement of 2 mm gave the best accuracy for the prediction of postoperative recovery of urinary incontinence with receiver operating characteristic analysis. A statistically significant difference was observed between group 1 (length >or=2 mm) and group 2(<2 mm) for the leakage rate until day 7 after the catheter was removed (P < 0.01). Urethral movement at the time of catheter removal was significantly correlated with early recovery of continence in the two groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Urethral mobility after radical prostatectomy, which can be easily evaluated using voiding cystourethrography, may be a good predictor of early recovery of urinary continence.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本泌尿器科学会  

Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2009&ichushi_jid=J01175&link_issn=&doc_id=20090323231123&doc_link_id=10.5980%2Fjpnjurol.100.416_2&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5980%2Fjpnjurol.100.416_2&type=J-STAGE&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00007_3.gif

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本泌尿器科学会  

DOI： 10.5980/jpnjurol.100.312_1

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本泌尿器科学会  

DOI： 10.5980/jpnjurol.100.373_1

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本泌尿器科学会  

DOI： 10.5980/jpnjurol.100.288_1

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本泌尿器内視鏡学会  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本癌治療学会  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)医学書院  

Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2008&ichushi_jid=J01561&link_issn=&doc_id=20080708090017&doc_link_id=10.11477%2Fmf.1413101542&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.11477%2Fmf.1413101542&type=%88%E3%8F%91.jp_%83I%81%5B%83%8B%83A%83N%83Z%83X&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00024_2.gif

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

OBJECTIVE: To review clinical outcome of patients with adrenocortical carcinoma experienced at a single institute over 34 years. METHODS: The study included 14 patients who were diagnosed as having the disease and were treated at the Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University Hospital between 1973 and 2006. Their clinical features and outcomes were reviewed. RESULTS: Of the 14 patients, there were nine men and five women. The median follow-up period was 13.0 months (range, 1-213). Two patients were classified as having stage II disease, seven as stage III and five as stage IV. The disease was completely removed in eight patients and incompletely in three. Two other patients received exploratory laparotomy only. The remaining one patient had no indication for surgery. The median survival periods were 2 months in patients with stage IV and 108 months in those with stages II and III (P = 0.136). Mitotane treatment in the adjuvant setting did not clearly affect the clinical courses of patients without metastasis. However, the treatment was effective for metastasis that was repeatedly developed as late recurrence in one patient. Three patients with metastasis at diagnosis received combination chemotherapy with etoposide, doxorubicin and cisplatin (EDP) with or without mitotane treatment, to which lung metastasis completely responded in one patient. CONCLUSIONS: Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare disease but frequently recurs. The best chance of survival may be achieved by early detection and complete surgical removal. There may be patients who possibly benefit from mitotane treatment with or without EDP, although this remains to be conclusively determined.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本泌尿器科学会  

DOI： 10.5980/jpnjurol.98.315_4

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Of 227 men with a negative initial biopsy, the clinical course of 99 men who could be regularly followed using prostate specific antigen (PSA) determination was retrospectively analyzed. A repeat biopsy was recommended if the men showed persistent elevation of PSA > 10 ng/ml, PSA velocity (PSAV) > 0.75 ng/ml/year, or persistent abnormality on digital rectal examination and/or transrectal ultrasonography. A repeat biopsy was performed on 43 men. Because of the indication for a repeat biopsy, the PSAV of the 43 men who received a repeat biopsy was higher than that of the 56 men who did not. Clinically organ-confined cancer was detected in 18 patients (detection rate 41.9%). The patients having cancer had a higher PSAV (median 1.950) than those without the disease (median 0.900). Of 19 men aged 75 years and older at the initial biopsy, a repeat biopsy revealed organ-confined cancers in 4 out of 10 men. During follow-up of the 19 elderly men, 11 developed co-morbid illnesses such as cerebral infarction, ischemic heart diseases and other malignancies, and 4 died of the diseases. Thus, PSAV seems to be the best parameter for a repeat biopsy. Elderly men may not benefit from a repeat biopsy because they are unlikely to have lethal prostate cancer and highly likely to develop co-morbid illness that would affect their life-span.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本泌尿器科学会  

DOI： 10.5980/jpnjurol.97.391_1

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本泌尿器科学会  

DOI： 10.5980/jpnjurol.96.299_4

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

A 58-year-old female presented with a well-encapsulated tumor in the left renal hilum on computed tomography (CT). On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the tumor showed low intensity on the T1-weighted image, high intensity on the T2-weighted image. Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy was performed because we could not exclude the possibility of malignancy such as renal cell carcinoma. Histopathological examination revealed that the tumor was a benign Schwannoma. Although renal hilum is a common site of renal schwannoma, it is difficult to differentiate benign tumors from malignant ones, and then nephrectomy is usually performed.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：泌尿器科紀要刊行会  

Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2004&ichushi_jid=J01269&link_issn=&doc_id=20040713060015&doc_link_id=120002141261&url=http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F120002141261&type=CiNii&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00003_3.gif

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：泌尿器科紀要刊行会  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本泌尿器科学会  

Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2004&ichushi_jid=J01175&link_issn=&doc_id=20040311250767&doc_link_id=10.5980%2Fjpnjurol.95.428_3&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5980%2Fjpnjurol.95.428_3&type=J-STAGE&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00007_3.gif

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本泌尿器科学会  

Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2004&ichushi_jid=J01175&link_issn=&doc_id=20040311251241&doc_link_id=10.5980%2Fjpnjurol.95.552_4&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5980%2Fjpnjurol.95.552_4&type=J-STAGE&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00007_3.gif

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本泌尿器科学会  

DOI： 10.5980/jpnjurol.95.456_4

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本泌尿器科学会  

DOI： 10.5980/jpnjurol.94.301_1

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本泌尿器科学会  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本泌尿器内視鏡・ロボティクス学会  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本排尿機能学会  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)メディカ出版  

Other Link:： https://search-tp.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2022&ichushi_jid=J06733&link_issn=&doc_id=20220221050010&doc_link_id=issn%3D2189-8545%26volume%3D27%26issue%3D1%26spage%3D46&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pieronline.jp%2Fopenurl%3Fissn%3D2189-8545%26volume%3D27%26issue%3D1%26spage%3D46&type=PierOnline&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00005_2.gif

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本泌尿器科学会総会事務局  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本泌尿器内視鏡・ロボティクス学会  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本移植学会  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本内視鏡外科学会  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本癌治療学会  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本癌治療学会  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：医学図書出版(株)  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本泌尿器科学会  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：医学図書出版(株)  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：医学図書出版(株)  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：医学図書出版(株)  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：医学図書出版(株)  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：医学図書出版(株)  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本泌尿器科学会総会事務局  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本泌尿器科学会総会事務局  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本泌尿器内視鏡・ロボティクス学会  

Ichushi

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Language：English   Publisher：(一社)日本癌治療学会  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本外科系連合学会  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：泌尿器科紀要刊行会  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本泌尿器科学会総会事務局  

Ichushi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本泌尿器科学会総会事務局  

Ichushi

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)  

Web of Science

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Language：English  

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Language：English  

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J-GLOBAL

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)  

Web of Science

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)  

Web of Science

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Language：English   Publishing type：Book review, literature introduction, etc.  

DOI： 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2010.02510.x

PubMed

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Language：Japanese  

Other Link:： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2010055163

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Language：Japanese  

Other Link:： http://hdl.handle.net/2433/71576

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Language：Japanese  

Other Link:： http://hdl.handle.net/2433/71517

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：泌尿器科紀要刊行会  

Ichushi

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J-GLOBAL

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J-GLOBAL

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